Journal is indexed in following databases:
- SCOPUS
- Web of Science Core Collection - Journal Citation Reports
- EBSCOhost
- Directory of Open Access Journals
- TRID Database - Transportation Research Board
- Index Copernicus Journals Master List
- BazTech
- Google Scholar
2022 Journal Impact Factor - 0.6
2022 CiteScore - 1.7
ISSN 2083-6473
ISSN 2083-6481 (electronic version)
Editor-in-Chief
Associate Editor
Prof. Tomasz Neumann
Published by
TransNav, Faculty of Navigation
Gdynia Maritime University
3, John Paul II Avenue
81-345 Gdynia, POLAND
e-mail transnav@umg.edu.pl
Origin and Development of Seamanship Competence
1 University of Tromsø the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
ABSTRACT: Seafaring is one of the oldest documented human activities, with a rich heritage created by generations of seamen. The first boats were developed several thousand years ago, based on primitive principles, and they were probably not suitable for other than simple purposes. Analyzing the history of boat building shows a gradual change in designs. These design changes were most likely due to improvements, related to different aspects of experiences undergone; the changing activity purposes of the boats; and the continual resolution of a conflict between what is possible and what is desired.
Nevertheless, design changes and different improvements were developed in a relationship between experiences gained by sailors and shipbuilders. Therefore, the development of seafaring was probably, both directly and indirectly, based on the experiences of sailors who had gained knowledge of the sea. The first written documentation to support the relationship between sailors and knowledge of the sea is in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible, approximately 950 years before Christ. King Solomon of Israel formed an alliance with the Phoenician king of Tyre, Hiram 1, because he needed the Phoenicians’ ships and naval expertise.
“And Hiram sent his servants with the fleet, sailors that have knowledge of the sea, along with the servants of Solomon” (1. King IX – 27).
The phrase “sailors with knowledge of the sea” correlates with a partial core of seamanship science. The science of seamanship is a multi-dimensional expression, which concerns seamen’s complete competence in sailing and operating a ship.
The purpose of this article is to discuss the origin and development of the ship-operating aspects of seamanship and shed light on aspects of the development and challenges regarding exercise of seamanship competence-related maritime education and training (MET).
KEYWORDS: History of Navigation, Maritime Education and Training (MET), Seamanship, Good Seamanship, History of Shipping, Seamanship Training, Seamanship Competence, Old Testament
REFERENCES
Allen, C.: Admiralty’s In Extremis Doctrine: What Can Be Learned from the Restatement (Third) of Torts Approach? Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce. 43, 155 (2012). - doi:10.2139/ssrn.1976184
Allen, C.H.: Farewell`s Rules of the Nautical Road. , Naval Institute Press (2005).
Biddlecombe, G.: The Art of Rigging by George Biddlecombe. Dover Publications (1990).
Calman, K.: Medical Education: Past, Present and Future. Churchill Livingstone (2006).
Carter, T., Schreiner, A.: The NCMM/IMHA textbook of maritime medicine. Second edition. Archives des Maladies Professionnelles et de l’Environnement. 74, 5, 576 (2013). - doi:10.1016/j.admp.2013.07.174
Christian Bible: Old Testament (1. King IX – 27).
Ebbage, L., Spencer, P.D.: Airmanship Training for Modern Aircrew. BAE Systems Bristol (United Kingdom) Advanced Technology Centre (2004).
Flyvbjerg, B.: Making Social Science Matter: Why Social Inquiry Fails and How it Can Succeed Again. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2001). - doi:10.1017/CBO9780511810503
Flyvbjerg, B.: Phronetic planning research: theoretical and methodological reflections. null. 5, 3, 283–306 (2004). - doi:10.1080/1464935042000250195
Halverson, R.R.: Representing Phronesis: Supporting Instructional Leadership Practice in Schools. Northwestern University (2002).
Hanzu-Pazara, R. et al.: Reducing of maritime accidents caused by human factors using simulators in training process. Journal of Maritime Research. 5, 1, 3–18 (2008).
Hayes-Roth, B., Hayes-Roth, F.: A Cognitive Model of Planning. Cognitive Science. 3, 4, 275–310 (1979). - doi:10.1207/s15516709cog0304_1
Heinl, R.D.: Dictionary of Military and Naval Quotations. Naval Institute Press (2014).
Hovdenak, S., Wiese, E.: Fronesis: veien til profesjonell lærerutdanning? Uniped. 40, 2, 170–184 (2017). - doi:10.18261/issn.1893-8981-2017-02-06
Johansen, K., Batalden, B.M.: Active learning for enhanced understanding of “Ship Damage Stability.” Proceedings of the 6th Teaching & Education Conference, Vienna. 45–67 (2018). - doi:10.20472/TEC.2018.006.004
Kern, T.: Redefining Airmanship. McGraw-Hill Companies (2017).
King, J.: Technology and the seafarer. null. 2, 1, 48–63 (2000). - doi:10.1080/21533369.2000.9668307
Knudsen, F.: Paperwork at the service of safety? Workers’ reluctance against written procedures exemplified by the concept of ‘seamanship.’ Safety Science. 47, 2, 295–303 (2009). - doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2008.04.004
Knudsen, F.: Seamanship and Anthropoship: Reflecting on Practice. Arbejdsmedicinsk Afdeling, Sydvestjysk Sygehus (2005).
MacLachlan, M. et al.: Maritime health: a review with suggestions for research. International Maritime Health. 63, 1, 1–6 (2012).
MacLachlan, M.: Maritime Psychology. Springer (2017). - doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45430-6
MacLachlan, M. et al.: Psychosocial and organizational aspects. In: Carter, T. (ed.) Textbook of Maritime Medicine. (2013).
MLC: Maritime Labour Convention. International Labour Standards Department (2006).
Plimsoll, S.: Our seamen. An appeal. University of Michigan Library (1873).
SOLAS: International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea. (1974).
The Merchant Shipping Act: The Life-boat, (1875).
Timmermans, H. et al.: Analysing space-time behaviour: new approaches to old problems. Progress in Human Geography. 26, 2, 175–190 (2002). - doi:10.1191/0309132502ph363ra
UNCLOS: The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. (1982).
Werenskiold, P.: The most sophisticated and successful high-speed ships for their time. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Fast Sea Transportation, FAST2011. (2011).
Introduction to IMO, https://www.imo.org/en/About/Pages/Default.aspx, last accessed 2022/05/20.
Citation note:
Johansen K.: Origin and Development of Seamanship Competence. TransNav, the International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation, Vol. 16, No. 2, doi:10.12716/1001.16.02.19, pp. 363-371, 2022
Authors in other databases:
Kåre Johansen:
orcid.org/0000-0002-0224-8590
7202031391
orcid.org/0000-0002-0224-8590
7202031391
Other publications of authors:
File downloaded 287 times
