ABSTRACT: The development of science has led to the creation of powerful tools that approximate reality, which have been called "artificial intelligence". One application of AI may be the introduction and improvement of autonomous shipping. The safety of navigation depends on the accuracy of the predictions – approximations of the adopted mathematical model. This paper presents the basic threats related to the approximation used by AI and the lack of distinction between interpolation and extrapolation. Selected barriers in modelling physical objects related to the basic assumptions of our science, which commonly uses infinities and continuity of mathematical functions, were also considered. The extensiveness of necessary, further research that should be conducted was signalled, the aim of which should be to precisely identify the limitations of the extremely powerful and useful tool that is artificial intelligence. The safety of the processes (e.g. autonomous shipping) to which it will be applied depends on this.

KEYWORDS: Autonomous Navigation Safety, Artificial Intelligence Limitations, Mathematical–Empirical Method, Extrapolation vs Interpolation, Modelling Errors, Deterministic Chaos, Engineering Approximation, Maritime Autonomous Systems

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