ABSTRACT: In Japan, obtaining a small boat operator’s license requires both theoretical and practical training, as well as mandatory renewal courses every five years. However, many operators have limited practical experience, making safe navigation a challenge for beginners. This study aims to analyze the differences in gaze patterns between novice and experienced operators using eye-tracking technology, highlighting key behavioral distinctions. Eye tracking data was collected from 14 operators, including novices and experienced individuals. Gaze movements were recorded in a 360-degree field of view to measure gaze duration and frequency. Heatmaps and grid-based Areas of Interests (AOI) were generated to analyze patterns of gaze shifts and movement directions. The results indicated significant differences in gaze behavior, field of view, memory retention, and decision-making between novice and experienced operators. Experienced operators process information more efficiently, leading to safer navigation, whereas novices exhibit narrower focus and slower reaction times. Integrating eye tracking data into training programs can enhance beginners’ navigation skills.

KEYWORDS: Situational Awareness at Sea, Eye Tracking, Novice vs Expert Operators, Human Factors in Navigation, Gaze-plot Analysis, Small Boat Operations, Lookout Behaviour, Maritime Training Evaluation

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