Journal is indexed in following databases:



2022 Journal Impact Factor - 0.6
2022 CiteScore - 1.7



HomePage
 




 


 

ISSN 2083-6473
ISSN 2083-6481 (electronic version)
 

 

 

Editor-in-Chief

Associate Editor
Prof. Tomasz Neumann
 

Published by
TransNav, Faculty of Navigation
Gdynia Maritime University
3, John Paul II Avenue
81-345 Gdynia, POLAND
www http://www.transnav.eu
e-mail transnav@umg.edu.pl
The Autonomous Shipping Era. Operational, Regulatory, and Quality Challenges
1 The Nautical Institute, London, United Kingdom
ABSTRACT: The article provides a description of the Autonomous ship, studies existing relevant projects, and examines the related Operational, Regulatory, and Quality assurance challenges raised due to the development and actual deployment of such vessels in the near future. After reviewing the main operational procedures, existing regulations, and quality assurance standards, a number of possible solutions and approaches to overcome the identified challenges are indicated. Some of the conclusions may be used not only in the Autonomous ships but also in traditionally manned vessels.
REFERENCES
Autonomous ships - White Paper (2016), Future Maritime Nautics,(Accessed May 2017) http://www.futurenautics.com/2016/11/white-paper-autonomous-ships
Blanke M, Henriques M, Bang J, (2016) “A pre-analysis on autonomous ships” the Technical University of Denmark (DTU).
Bryant D.T. (1991) The Human Element in Shipping Casualties. Report prepared for the Dept. of Transport, Marine Directorate, United Kingdom.
Burmeistera H-C,, Bruhna W. et al. (2014), “Can unmanned ships improve navigational safety?”,(Accessed May 2017) http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/198207/local_198207.pdf Transport Research Arena 2014, Paris.
COLREG (1972), Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, IMO.
Chris Holder, Vikram Khurana, Faye Harrison, Louisa Jacobs (2016), Robotics and law: Key legal and regulatory implications of the robotics age (Part I of II) Computer Law & Security Review 32 pp383–402.
Chris Holder, Vikram Khurana, Joanna Hook, Gregory Bacon, Rachel Day (2016), Robotics and law: Key legal and regulatory implications of the robotics age (part II of II) Computer Law & Security Review 32 pp557–576.
David A Mindell (2015) Our robots ourselves, robotics and the myths of autonomy, New York: Penguin Random House.
Dezeen Limited. (2016). Rolls-Royce remote-controlled cargo ship as “future of the maritime industry.” Retrieved May 2, 2017, from https://www.dezeen.com/2016/06/29/rolls-royce-remote-controlled-autonomous-self-driving-cargo-ship-future-maritime-industry/
DNV-GL, Maritime, (Accessed May 2017) https://www.dnvgl.com/maritime/index.html
Endsley, M. R. and Jones D. G. (2012) Designing for Situation Awareness: An Approach to User Centered Design (2nd Edition), Taylor and Francis, London.
Forbes, (23 Oct 2017), “Rolls-Royce And Google Partner To Create Smarter, Autonomous Ships Based On AI And Machine Learning”, Article by Bernard Marr https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2017/10/23/rolls-royce-and-google-partner-to-create-smarter-autonomous-ships-based-on-ai-and-machine-learning/#3ddceba16dfe (Accessed Oct 2017)
Hapag-Lloyd. (2016). “Container ships soon to sail unmanned?” Retrieved October 2017 from https://www.hapag-lloyd.com/en/news-insights/ insights/2015/08/container-ships-soon-to-sail-unmanned_42532.html
International Underwriting Association of London Limited, (2016), Cyber Risks and Insurance. An Introduction to Cross Class Cyber Liabilities, London (Accessed NOVEMBER 2017) http://www. maritimelondon.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/005_Cyber_Risks_Combined_110116.pdf
INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION. (1997). International safety management code (ISM code) and guidelines on the implementation of the ISM code. London, International Maritime Organization. (Accessed October 2017) http://www.imo.org/en/ OurWork/HumanElement/SafetyManagement/Pages/ISMCode.aspx
IMO(2003). ISPS Code: International Ship and Port Facility Security Code and SOLAS amendments adopted 12 December 2002. London, Ihttp://www.imo.org/blast/mainframe.asp?topic_id=897 (Accessed Nov 2017).
IMO (2011). MARPOL Consolidated edition 2011: articles, protocols, annexes and unified interpretations of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the 1978 and 1997 protocols. http://www.imo.org/en/about/ conventions/listofconventions/pages/international-convention-for-the-prevention-of-pollution-from-ships-(marpol).aspx (Accessed Nov 2017).
IMO e-Navigation, International Maritime Organization, http://www.imo.org/ourwork/safety/ navigation/pages/enavigation.aspx (Accessed May 2017)
IMO, International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue, (1979), 1403 UNTS, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/469224c82.html (Accessed December 2017)
IMO (1974), International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), http://www.imo.org/ en/About/Conventions/ListOfConventions/Pages/International-Convention-for-the-Safety-of-Life-at-Sea-(SOLAS),-1974.aspx (Accessed October 2017)
IMO, & INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TRAINING AND CERTIFICATION OF SEAFARERS. (1993). STCW 1978: International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping for Seafarers, 1978 : with resolutions adopted by the International Conference on Training and Certification of Seafarers, 1978.London, (Accessed November2017) http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/humanelement/trainingcertification/pages/stcw-convention.aspx
ISO 9000:2015 international standards for quality management. Genève, Switzerland, International Organization for Standardization. https://www.iso.org/standard/45481.html (Accessed Nov 2017)
ISO 9001:2015 international standards for quality management systems requirements. Genève, Switzerland, International Organization for Standardization. https://www.iso.org/iso-9001-quality-management.html (Accessed November 2017)
ISO 28007-1:2015(en) International standards for Ships and marine technology — Guidelines for Private Maritime Security Companies (PMSC) providing privately contracted armed security personnel (PCASP) on board ships (and pro forma contract). Genève, Switzerland, https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:28007:-1:ed-1:v1:en (Accessed November 2017)
ISO/TS 29001:2010 International standards for Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries -- Sector-specific quality management systems - Requirements for product and service supply organizations. Genève, Switzerland, https://www.iso.org/standard/55499.html (Accessed November 2017)
Jokioinen, E. (2016). Remote and autonomous ships ‐ the next steps.(Accessed May 2017) http://www.rolls-royce.com/~/media/Files/R/Rolls-Royce/documents/customers/marine/ship-intel/aawa-whitepaper-210616.pdf
Koopman P. & Wagner M. (2016), Challenges in Autonomous Vehicle Testing and Validation.
Lloyd’s Register (2016), “Cyber-enabled ships. Deploying information and communications technology in shipping” – Lloyd’s Register’s approach to assurance First edition, February 2016.
Marine Insurance (1906) Act https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Edw7/6/41/contents (Accessed November 2017).
McCallum M.C., Raby M., and Rothblum A.M. (1996), “Procedures for Investigating and Reporting Human Factors and Fatigue Contributions to Marine Casualties. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard Report No. CG-D-09-97. AD-A323392.
MUNIN D9.3: Quantitative assessment (2015) – FP7 GA-No 314286.
Rødseth H., Brage Mo B. (2014), “MUNIN Deliverable D 6.7: Maintenance indicators and maintenance management principles for autonomous engine room”.
ROLLS ROYCE WHITE PAPER: Ship intelligence -Transforming future marine operations, http://www.rolls-royce.com/products-and-services/marine/ship-intelligence.aspx#section-discover/research (Accessed October 2017).
Rothblum A, (2000), “Human Error and Marine Safety”, U.S. Coast Guard Research & Development Center. (Accessed September 2017) http://bowles-langley.com/wp-content/files_mf/humanerrorandmarinesafety26.pdf
United Nations, (2008), “Achieving Sustainable Development and Promoting Development Cooperation”, NY, New York. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/en/ecosoc/docs/pdfs/fina_08-45773.pdf (Accessed May 2017)
University of Oslo (UiO Faculty of Law), (2014) “The production of unmanned vessels and its legal implications in the maritime industry”
Veal R., Tsimplis M. (2017), “The Integration Of Unmanned Ships Into The Lex Maritima”, Lloyd's Maritime and Commercial Law Quarterly. https://www.i-law.com/ilaw/doc/view.htm?id=376831 (Accessed November2017).
Zakirul Bhuiyan (2016), Article on BDMariners found at http://bdmariners.org/bmcs-magazine-2016-autonomous-ships-and-the-future-zakirul-bhuiyan-23/#sthash.U5CVsEIB.dpbs (Accessed May 2017).
Citation note:
Komianos A.: The Autonomous Shipping Era. Operational, Regulatory, and Quality Challenges. TransNav, the International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation, Vol. 12, No. 2, doi:10.12716/1001.12.02.15, pp. 335-348, 2018

File downloaded 2284 times








Important: TransNav.eu cookie usage
The TransNav.eu website uses certain cookies. A cookie is a text-only string of information that the TransNav.EU website transfers to the cookie file of the browser on your computer. Cookies allow the TransNav.eu website to perform properly and remember your browsing history. Cookies also help a website to arrange content to match your preferred interests more quickly. Cookies alone cannot be used to identify you.
Akceptuję pliki cookies z tej strony