Evaluation of Tugboat Response Time as an Accident Prevention Measure in the Strait of Istanbul

ABSTRACT: The Strait of Istanbul, 17 nautical miles long, is one of the main routes of international maritime trade. Connecting the Black Sea countries with other countries of the world, the Strait is the second busiest waterway in the world in terms of international ship traffic. In addition to busy sea traffic, limited geographical conditions also make it difficult to navigational safety. The Strait of Istanbul is the only chokepoint that stands out with the risk of maritime accidents on the primary routes of world maritime trade. This situation poses a risk for both the transiting ships and the city of Istanbul, which has a dense population around it. Some of the accidents that took place in the recent history have caused worldwide concern due to the environmental pollution they cause. Considering the advantages provided by the developing shipbuilding technology and today load capacity of the ships, a disaster that will occur in a possible accident today will cause much greater destruction than in the past. In this direction, it has become a necessity to examine the accident profile in the strait in order to develop effective accident prevention measures and to strengthen the level of navigational safety in the region. In this study, maritime accidents that occurred in the Strait of Istanbul over a 16-year period were discussed in terms of their types and the response time of tugboats to a possible accident was examined.

KEYWORDS: Safety at Sea, Strait of Istanbul, Tugboats, Maritime Accidents, Traffic, Sea Traffic, Tugboat Response Time, Accident Prevention Measure

REFERENCES

Akten, N. (2006). Shipping accidents: a serious threat for marine environment, J. Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment, Vol 12:269-304.

Allan, R., Molyneux, D. (2004). Escort tug design alternatives and a comparison of their hydrodynamic performance. Trans. SNAME (112), 191–205.

Altan, Y.C. (2017). Analysis and modeling of maritime traffic and ship collision in the Strait of Istanbul based on Automatic Vessel Tracking System. PhD Thesis, Graduate Program in Civil Engineering Boğaziçi University, Istanbul. - doi:10.1017/S0373463317000431

Arnold & Itkin (2018): What Is an Allision? https://www.offshoreinjuryfirm.com/maritime-law/maritime-law-glossary/what-is-an-allision-/, last accessed 2022/01/25.

Aşkın, F., Oğuzülgen, S., Tenker, S. (2020). İstanbul Boğazı ve Kanal İstanbul’un gemi geçişleri açısından değerlendirilmesi, Kanal İstanbul - Çok Disiplinli Bilimsel Değerlendirme, İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi Kültür A.Ş., (Eds: Orhon D., Sözen S., Görür N., İstanbul, 2020)

Butt N., Johnson D., Pike K., Pryce-Roberts N., Vigar N. (2012). 15 Years of shipping accidents: a review for WWF, Southampton Solent University. http://awsassets.panda.org/downloads/15_years_of_shipping_accidents_a_review_for_wwf_.pdf, last accessed 2022/05/27.

DNV (2013). Det Norske Veritas Report, Escort tug effectiveness in the Bosporus Strait, Chevron Products UK LTD, REPORT NO./DNV REG NO.: 2013-9178 / 1-6YRAF0, REV 1, 2013-04-25

EMSA (2014). European Maritime Safety Agency, Annual overview of marine casualties and incidents 2014, http://emsa.europa.eu/news-a-press-centre/external- news/item/2303-annual-overview-of-marine-casualties-and-incidents-2014.html

ETA (2015). Guidelines for harbour towage operations. Tech. Rep, European Tugowners Association.

Iglesias-Baniela, S., Vinagre-Rios, J., Perez-Canosa, J. M., (2021). Ship handling in unprotected waters: a review of new technologies in escort tugs to improve safety. Appl. Mech. 2, 46–62. - doi:10.3390/applmech2010004

Keçeci, T. (2010). Analysis of the effects of ship length factor to safe navigation in the Strait of Istanbul by using the AHP Method. MSc Thesis, Istanbul Technical University, Graduate School of Science Engineering and Technology, Istanbul,

Kodak, G., Acarer, T. (2021). İstanbul Boğazı’nda deniz trafik düzenlemelerinin kaza oranına etkisinin değerlendirilmesi. Aquatic Research, 4(2), 181-207, DOI:10.3153/AR21015 - doi:10.3153/AR21015

Kodak, G., Kara, G., Yıldız, M., Salcı, A. (2022). Investigation of maritime accidents in the strait of Istanbul in the perspective of navigational safety: İSTANBULMAX ship type recommendation. Aquatic Research, 5 (1), 63-88. DOI: 10.3153/AR22007 - doi:10.3153/AR22007

Kodak, G., İstikbal, C. (2021). A Suggestion to improve navigational safety in the Strait of Istanbul (Bosphorus): Patrol tugs, J. Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment, Vol. 27, No. 3: 342-366 (2021)

Korçak, M., Balas, C. E. (2020) Reducing the probability for the collision of ships by changing the passage schedule in Istanbul Strait. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. doi: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101593 - doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101593

Küçükosmanoğlu, A. (2012) Maritime accidents forecast model for Bosphorus, Ph.D Thesis, Middle East Technical University, Faculty of Civil Engineering.

Mauro, F. (2022). A flexible method for the initial prediction of tugs escort capability, Ocean Engineering, 246 (2022) 110585, DOI:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.110585 - doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.110585

MSRCC (2018). Main Search and Rescue Coordination Center, Ministry of Transport Maritime Affairs and Communications, GMK Boulevard, No 128, Maltepe ANKARA/TURKEY

NOAA (2018). Office of Response and Restoration, “You Say Collision, I Say Allision; Let's Sort the Whole Thing Out”, https://response.restoration.noaa.gov/about/media/you-say-collision-i-say-allision- lets-sort-whole-thing-out.html

Özbaş, B., Or, İ., Altıok, T. (2013). Comprehensive scenario analysis for mitigation of risks of the maritime traffic in the Strait of Istanbul. Journal of Risk Research 16(5): 541-561. - doi:10.1080/13669877.2012.726239

Özdemir, M. (2019). Spatial analysis and evaluation of ship accidents occurred in Turkish Straits. MSc Thesis, Karadeniz Technical University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Maritime Transportation and Management Engineering Graduate Program, Trabzon.

Paulauskas, V., Simutis, M., Placiene, B., Barzdziukas, R., Jonkus, M., Paulauskas, D. (2021). The influence of port tugs on improving the navigational safety of the port. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 9 (342), 1–20. - doi:10.3390/jmse9030342

Rodrigue, J. P. (2017). Maritime Transport, Major maritime shipping routes and strategic passages, The International Encyclopedia of Geography, Richardson wbieg0155.tex V1 - 01/25/2016, Page 2. - doi:10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0155

Sarıöz, K., Narlı, E. (2003). Assessment of manoeuvring performance of large tankers in restricted waterways: a real-time simulation approach, Ocean Engineering, Volume 30, Issue 12, August 2003, Pages 1535-1551. - doi:10.1016/S0029-8018(02)00142-7

Şalcı, A. (2020). Evaluation of Canal Istanbul Project in terms of ship movements, Kanal İstanbul - Çok Disiplinli Bilimsel Değerlendirme, İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi Kültür A.Ş., (Eds: Orhon D., Sözen S., Görür N., İstanbul, 2020.)

Şirin, Ö. (2018). Risk Analysis and Modeling of the Maritime Traffic in the Strait of Istanbul, Ph.D. Thesis, Graduate Program in Industrial Engineering, Boğaziçi University.

User’s Guide of Turkish Straits Vessel Traffic Services (2018). Directorate General of Coastal Safety, https://kiyiemniyeti.gov.tr/Data/1/Files/Document/Documents/9S/6R/yY/wu/TSVTS_User_Guide_21.05.20.pdf

Wu, B., Yan, X., Yip, T. L., Wang, Y. (2017). A flexible decision-support solution for intervention measures of grounded ships in the Yangtze River, Ocean Engineering, Volume 141, 1 September 2017, Pages 237-248, - doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2017.06.021

Wu, B., Zhaoa, C., Yip, T. L., Jiang, D. (2021). A novel emergency decision-making model for collision accidents in the Yangtze River, Ocean Engineering, Volume 223, 1 March 2021, 108622, - doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.108622

Citation note:

Kodak G.: Evaluation of Tugboat Response Time as an Accident Prevention Measure in the Strait of Istanbul. TransNav, the International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation, Vol. 16, No. 2, doi:10.12716/1001.16.02.11, pp. 281-287, 2022

BibTeX EndNote

File downloaded 134 times