39
1 INTRODUCTION
The aim of the INS, and e‐navigation, is to enhance
safetyofnavigation,bycollectingandprovidingvital
information in a user friendly manner for the
navigator. Ithasraised concern that navigators look
more at the displays than controlling the
surroundingsofthevessel,andconcerningthevisua
l
focus of the navigator there are not any industry
standard or recommendation on the use of the
integrated navigation system. Based on the Eye
Tracking data set and cross‐section knowledge from
aviation and other high‐risk industries (power
plants), this article aims to present a recommended
visualscanpa
tternforthemaritimenavigator.
1.1 IntegratedNavigationSystems
New vessels today are highly technological, also at
the ship bridge. The use of new sensors and
technology, which are highly integrated, are widely
used.AnexampleofsuchistheRollsRoyceUnified
Bridge(Rolls‐Royce,2015)inFigure1ortheK‐Bridge
INS(Kongsberg,2016),which goal is toincrease the
operational safety by efficient workflow which
reducesthecognit
iveworkloadforthenavigator.
The purpose of an Integrated Navigation System
(INS) is to enhance the safety of navigation, this is
done by providing integrated and augmented
functions to av
oid geographic, traffic and
environmental hazards (IMO, 2007, p. 2). An INS is
defined as such if workstations provide Multi‐
FunctionDisplays(MFD)integratedwithatleastthe
followingnavigationaltasks/functions:
RouteMonitoring
Collisionavoidance
and may provide manual and/or automatic
navigationcontrolfunctions(IMO,2007,p.3)
Scan Pattern for the Maritime Navigator
O.S.Hareide
RoyalNorwegianNavalAcademy,Bergen,Norway
R.Ostnes
NorwegianUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Aalesund,Norway
ABSTRACT:Themaritimehighspeedcraftnavigators`ultimateaimhasfordecadesbeentosafelyandefficient
navigatethevesseltoitsdestination.Thelastdecadeanincreaseduseoftechnologyhasarrivedatthemaritime
shipbridge.TheuseofElectronicChartsandIntegratedNavigationSystemshasrevolut
ionizedmuchofthe
work of the navigator, withthe aim of enhancing the safety of navigation. The amount of information has
drasticallyincreased,andtheneedforaproperinformationmanagementandanefficientvisualscanpattern
hasbeenidentified.Lookingtootherindustriesthi
shasbeenintroducedwithsuccess,andinthispaperthe
authorspresentaproposedscanpatternforthemaritimenavigator.Theanalysisisbasedonaneyetracking
datasetcollectedfromsimulator‐andfieldstudiesonboardtheworld’sfastestlittoralcombatship.
http://www.transnav.eu
the International Journal
on Marine Navigation
and Safety of Sea Transportation
Volume 11
Number 1
March 2017
DOI:10.12716/1001.11.01.03
40
Figure1. PSV Stril Luna Integrated Navigation System
(courtesyofRolls‐Royce).
TheINScanconsistofseveralparts,butthemost
importantnavigationsensorsforthenavigatoris:
Electronic Position Fixing System (EPFS) (e.g.
GNSSasGPS)
Headingcontrolsystem(HCS)(e.g.Gyro)
Depthsensor(EchoSoundingSystem,ESS)
Speed and distance measurement (SDME) sensor
(e.g.ElectromagneticLog)
TheINSalsoneedssystemsandsensorswhichcan
provide:
Collisionavoidance(e.g.RadarandAIS)
Routeplanningandmonitoring(e.g.ECDIS)
TrackControlSystem(TCS)(e.g.Autopilot)
These sensors and systems are interconnected in
some type of network (e.g. NMEA2000, Ethernet,
etc.).
Themaritime bridge has
become more and more
digitalized the past years, and retrofitted and new
shipbridgesareequippedwithseveralMFDs. These
MFDscanpresent
1 Electronic Chart Display and Information System
(ECDIS) application, which most commonly
consist of an Electronic Navigation Chart (ENC)
withnavigationsensorsintegrated.
2 Radio Detection and Ranging
(RADAR)
application, which is a terrestrial navigation
system using radio waves to determine range,
angleorvelocityofobjects.
3 Conning application, which aim is to make key
information available for efficient monitoring.
Conning information gather all relevant sensor
informationand navigation data at a glance, and
aimstoimprove
accessibilityforthenavigator.
1.2 E‐navigation
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is
currently working on an initiative called E‐
navigation.
The purpose of E‐navigation is to improve
electronicinformationexchangeto:
Enhanceberth‐to‐berthnavigation
Provide simplificationto improve safety, security
andenvironment
Facilitateand
increaseefficiencyofmaritimetrade
andtransport.
Withthisinmind,e‐navigationaimstominimize
navigational errors, incidents and accidents through
the transmission and display of positional and
navigational information in electronic formats
(Weintrit,2011).
Thelastdecadeshaveseenhugedevelopmentsin
technology within navigation and communication
systems.
Although ships now carry Global Satellite
Navigation Systems (GNSS) and have reliable
Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems
(ECDIS),theiruseonboardisnotfullyintegratedand
harmonizedwithotherexistingsystemsandthoseof
other ships and ashore. The work with Integrated
NavigationSystemPerformanceStandardandwithe
‐
Navigation will enhance this integration and
harmonization.
Currentlysomeyardsarelookingatopensystem
architecturefor holistic and user‐friendly integration
ofmultisupplierbridgesystemstoe‐navigation,such
as the Vard (Fincantieri) Open Bridge (Tennfjord,
2016).
1.3 Limitationsandearlierworkwiththedataset
Thecurrent
data setis collectedin daylight in good
visual conditions (Hareide and Ostnes, 2016a). The
data set and its` analyses is described in detail in
earlierwork.Ananalysisoftheuseofsimulatorshas
beendiscussed(HareideandOstnes,2016a),together
with the use of eye tracking data when
assessing
humanmachineinterface(Hareideetal.,2016),anda
maritimeusabilitystudywiththeuseofeyetracking
data(HareideandOstnes,2016b).
2 BACKGROUND
2.1 Controlstrategiesinthemaritimedomain
Withtheintroductionofmoresensorandtechnology
to the ship bridges, the degree of automation has
increased.
There is an ongoing discussion of how
much knowledge and skills, and of what type, the
modern ship navigator needs when it comes to the
useofINS(TorskiyandTopalov,2013).However,the
craftsmanship of navigation has stayed the same
duringthepasthundredsofyears,andthe methods
of earlier days without digital displays still applies
(Norris,2015).
The Royal Norwegian Navy Navigation
Competence Centre (RNoNNCC) has teached and
trained navigators to the Royal Norwegian Navy
(RNoN)for 200years,andeventhough the syllabus
haschangedsignificantly,thebasicmethodologyhas
stayed the same. Navigation starts with proper
planning. With a good plan in hand, it is easier to
conductasafepassage.Inconductingapassage,itis
importantthatthenavigatorhasamethodologytobe
usedduringthevoyage.Themethodologydeveloped
by the RNoNNCC has parallels to the DYNAV
methodology (Forsman et al., 2011),
but is an
extended version. The methodology is shown in
Figure2.
Notethatthefourphasesofnavigationareutilized
after a thorough planning process (as described in