523
1 INTRODUCTION
Usingthebiofueltoreplace for the Diesel Oil (DO)
fordieselenginehasbeenresearchedandappliedin
the develop countries. In the United State, UK,
Demark Canada and Netherland, the Biodiesel B20
[1]hasbeenusedforthediesel engineofautomotive,
truckandsomeofotherindustries.
Usingthebiofuelfordieselenginewillreducethe
emission gas exhausts to the environment such as
HC,CO,SO
xandNOx[1].
IntheMekongdelta,about1.2milliontonsofthe
Catfish products are produced each year.
AccompanywithCatfishproducts,thereis aboutof
12%Catfishfatforthemanufactureof150.000tonsof
Catfish biofuel [3]. This amount of the biofuel is
suitable to be use for the marine diesel engine on
riverboa
tsinthisarea.
Figure1.UsingtheBiodieselB20inthe UnitedState.
A Study on applying the Catfish Biofuel in The Mekong
Delta for The Marine Diesel Engine
P.V.Quan
HoChiMinhCityUniversityofTransport,HoChiMinhCity,Vietnam
H.T.Phuoc
DepartmentofScience&TechnologyofBinhThuanProvince,Vietnam
ABSTRACT:Thema nufacturingofCatfishproductshasbeendevelopedrapidlyintheMekongdelta.Every
year,about1.2milliontonsofCatfishand150,000tonsofbiofuelareproduced.ThebiofuelB100manufactures
inMekongdeltasatisfiestheAmericastandardASTMD6751;EUROEN14214orViet
namesestandardTCVN
7717.Mekongdelta,alowerlandarea,hasalargeinlandwaterwaysystemwitharound100.000riverboats
thatoperatewithmarinedieselengine.Usingthebiofuelforthemarinedieselengineinareawillreducethe
HC,CO,SOxandNOxemissiontotheenvironment.Therefore,withastudyona
pplyingthecatfishbiofuel,it
willreducetheclimatechangebytheincreasingofseawaterlevelandsaveenergybyusinggreenenergyto
replacepetroloil.
http://www.transnav.eu
the International Journal
on Marine Navigation
and Safety of Sea Transportation
Volume 9
Number 4
December 2015
DOI:10.12716/1001.09.04.08
524
Figure2.Theaverageemissionimpactofthedieselengine
With the purpose of solving the problem of
increasingoftheseawaterlevelovertheworldand
energy consumption, we would like to study on
applyingtheCatfishbiofuelformarinedieselengine
in the Mekong Delta. This energy resource is
availableintheMekongdelta;thereforeitissuitable
forsupplytoriverboa
tswithoutanytransportation.
TheCatfishbiofuelmanufacturedintheMekong
deltameetsthestandardsASTMD6751oftheUnited
State,EN14214ofEUorTC7717ofVietnam.
The biofuel and sea food from Catfish has been
productedbythefactoryoftheTanVinhHoanJSCin
theMekongdelta[3].
Figure3. The manufacturer Catfish biofuel TAN VINH
HOANJSCinMekongdelta
2 USINGCASHFISHBIOFUELFORTHEMARINE
DIESELENGINE
2.1 Methodsforstudyonapplying
For the study on applying the Catfish biofuel for
marine diesel engine of the river boats, we conduct
thefollowing:
Selecting the Catfish biofuel from manufacturers
inMekongdelta.
Analyze the properties following standards
ASTND6751orEN14214.
Select
ing the type and the model of the marine
diesel engine that are popular in the Mekong
delta.
Formulate difference theories by changing the
parameters of the engine as there is the change
fromusingDOtoB5andB10.
Trial testing in the laboratory using the Ca
tfish
biofuelforthemarinedieselengine.
Actual trial testing in marine diesel engines of
riverboats.
Carrying out the final valuation of the applying
theCatfishbiofuelforthemarinedieselengine.
2.2 SelectingtheCatfishbiofuel
We are carrying out the analysis and inspect
ion on
thequalityandthecapacityofalmosteveryCatfish
biofuelmanufacturersintheMekongdelta.Someof
them manufacture the biofuel B100 with the good
quality reaching the standards ASTM D6751 or EN
14214 (table 1). Some Catfish biofuel products have
beenexportedtoJapanandSingaporesuchasMinh
Tu, Thai Phuong Lam, Phuong Nam, Vinh Hoan,
Hiep Thanh and Agrifish An Gi
ang. After the
preliminary analysis, we inspect thecapacity and
the quality of above manufacturers. Sample of
CatfishbiofuelofMinhTucompany[3]areselected
for the analysis and inspection. Consequently, they
meetthepropertiesofASTMD6751orEN14214or
TCVN7717complet
ely(Fig4).
Table1.SpecificationsforBiodiesel(B100)byASTMD6751
andEN14214Methods
_______________________________________________
PropertyTestmethod Specificationlimits
_______________________________________________
AcidNumber ASTMD664 0.50maxmgKOH
CalxiandMagnesium EN145385ppmmax
CarboneResidueASTMD4530 0.050max
Wt%
CetannumberASTMD613 47min
Cloudpoint ASTMD2500 Reportin
o
C
Coldsoakfilterability ASTMAnnexA1360
o
maxsec.
Copperstripcorrosion ASTMD130 No.3max
DistillationAtmosphericASTM1160 360maxoC
EquivalentTemperature
90%recovery
Flashpoint ASTMD93130min
o
C
GlycerinFree ASTM6584 0.020maxWt%
Glycerintotal ASTM6584 0.240maxWt%
KineticViscosity40oC ASTMD445 1.9–6.0mm2/s
Methanolcontent EN141100.2maxWt%
OxidationStability EN141123hoursmin
PhosphoreContent ASTMD4951 0.001Wt%/
10ppm
Sodium&potassium EN145385.00ppmmax
SulphatedAsh
ASTMD874 0.020maxWt%
Sulphur(S15) ASTMD5453 15.00ppmmax
Sulphur(S500)ASTMD5453 500ppmmax
Waterandsediment ASTM27090.050maxVol%
_______________________________________________
WearemixbiofuelB100ofMinhTuma
nufacturer
withDOandgetB5andB10(Fig5).
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Figure5SamplesoftheCatfishbiofuelsB5,B10andDO.
Otherwise, we analyze and compare selected
propertiesofDO,B5andB10forourcalculationasin
table2.
Table2.SelectedpropertiesoftheDO,B5andB10
_______________________________________________
PropertyDO B5B10
_______________________________________________
FuelStandard ASTM0975 ASTMD6751 ASTMD6751
HeatingValue,Kj/kg 42670 42465 42260
KineticViscosity40oC 1.3–4.1 22.848
SpecificGravity,15.5oC 0.83 0.836 0.8389
Flashpoint,oC576163
CetanNumber52.1 52.4 52.5
Clouldingpoint,oC5814
_______________________________________________
2.3 Selecttestingmarinedieselengine
TheYanmar marine diesel engine is very popularly
fortheriverboatsintheMekongdelta.Thistypeof
engine design, with the fuel system of Bosch type
fuel pump and injector, is designed for being used
withtheDOfuel.
Thisisthe
marine diesel engine, four cycles and
have6cyliners(Fig.6).Thebasicparamettersofthe
engineareisshowedintable3.
Figure6.ThemarinedieselengineYanmar6S185L‐ST
Table3. Parameters of the Marine Diesel Engine Yanmar
6S185L‐ST[6]
_______________________________________________
Parameters
_______________________________________________
ModelofengineYANMAR6S185L‐ST
Typeofengine4Cycles
Numberofcylinder6
AirchargeTurbocharger
Diameterofcylinder 185mm
Stroke230mm
Volumeofengine37.09cubiccm
Power600HP
Consumption180g/hp.h
_______________________________________________
2.4 Theoriesstudyonchangingtheparametersofengine
For calculating and drawing the characterictics of
pmax,WeusetheMATLABprogramforcalculating
andprogrammingthechangingofparametersofthe
engineinrunningfromusingtheDO,B5andB10.
The use the Haizenbek formula for the marine
diesel engine to determine the heat transfers to
cylinderlinerα
mc[2].
2
3
2, 47
mc m kc kc
CpT
(1)
where
α
mc:transferheatratioofcylinderliner,kW/m2K;
T
kc: Temperature of burning gas in combustion
chamber[
o
K];
P
kc:pressureofburninggas,[Pa];
C
m:averagevelocity,[m/s];
And the performance power formula of diesel
engine:
0
.. .
.....
60 .
si
H
enms
s
Vinz
Q
N
L
(2)
where
i,z:numberofcylinderandfactorofstrokei=6,
withfourstrokeenginez=0,5;
V
s:Volumeofperformance;
Q
H:Lowheatingvalue;
η
n,ηm,ηi,:efficiencyofperformance,mechanical
andcalculation;
n:RevolutionPerMinute(RPM);
α:Airratio;
L
o:Theairamountforburning1kgfuelkmol/kg;
μ
s=28.9kg/kmol:Densityof1molair.
Basedontheformulaforcalculatingofthemarine
dieselenginewedevelopthecalculatingprogramfor
themarinedieselengine(seeingFig.7).
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Figure7.Theenginethermalcalculationprograme
Entering the working parameters of the test
engine Yanmar S185L‐ST and the Low heat value
(LHV) of DO, Catfish biofuel B5 and B10 such as:
LHV
DO = 42.670 kJ/kg, LHVB5 = 42.465 kJ/kg and
LHV
B10=42.260kJ/kg.Loadofengine75%.
Runningthecalculationprogram,we receivethe
characteristics of the changing burning pressure in
thecylinderlineroftestengineasperFig.8forDO&
B5andFig.9forDO&B10.
Following the Fig 8, we record the Pmax of the
enginewhenusingtheDOandB5changeΔPmax=
1.2 MPa. The changing va
lue is very small, this is
accepted.
200 250 300 350 400 450 500
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
x 10
6
Crank Shaft Angle - Degree
Pa
B5
DO
Figure8. The changing burning pressure in the cylinder
linerasDO&B5areused.
Following the Figure 9, changing the LHV and
running the program we receive characteristics of
Pmax.ThechangingofPmaxinthiscasehigherthan
in this case using B5 about 3 MPa. This value is
accepted.Itisconfirmecthatthechangingofengine
powerissmall.WecanusetheB10toreplacetheDO
inthema
rinedieselengineofriverboats.
200 250 300 350 400 450 500
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
x 10
6
Crank Shaft Angle - Degree
Pa
B10
DO
Figure9. The change burning pressure in cylinder liner
withusingDO&B10
2.5 Modelingthetest
2.5.1 Testengine
Following above instruction, we use the Yanmar
6S185L‐ST (as per Fig.6) for the actual testing with
Catfishbiofuel[3].
2.5.2 Dynamometers
Forputtingtheloadonthetestengine,weareuse
thedynamometers ATE‐705LC and the loadcontrol
system(seeFig.10).
Figure10. The dynamometer Accurate Model:ATE‐
705LC
BasicparametersofATE‐705LC:
MaxPower:750HP.
MaximumMoments:3457N.m.
RPM:900–6000.
2.5.3 MeasuringthePmaxandTmaxequipment
For measuring the Pmax we use the DPI Digital
pressure indicator with software LAUTERT 50 (see
Fig.11and12).
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Figure11.TheDPILAUTERT50
TherangeofmeasurementofDPI50asbelow:
Pressurerange:0–250Bar
RPMofengine:50–5,000RPM
Temperature:0–350oC.
Figure12. The interface graphic P‐V and P‐ φ of Lauter
DPI50
ThesoftwareusedtheDPILautert50forrestoring
and ploting the characteristics in order to describe
thechangingof the engine is showin figure 12. To
usethis program,we install the program in the PC
withoperationsystemWin7orhigher[5].
After installing the softwave in the PC, we
connect the PC with the hand help for tra
nfer the
datafromthehandhelptothePCbytheUSBcable.
OntheinterfaceofthePCwewillcalltheDataand
can plot the change of the pressure in the burning
chamberoftheenginefollowthecrankangle.
2.5.4 Thebiofuelblendingsystem
To use the biofuel for diesel engine, we can use
one of the following blending methods: online
blending,inlineblendingorofflineblending[5].
Online blending method will blend the Biofuel
and DO online via the fuel pumps with the flow
control,the blending ta
nk and come to engine (Fig.
13).Wecanadjustthemixingpercentofthebiofuel
andDObytheflowcontrol.Thebiofuelwithmade
blendingfromB5toB20depentonthemixingratio
usedfortheengine.
Figure13.Thebiofuelonlineblendingsystem
The inline blending system will mix the biofuel
B100andDOinlineandinthepumpimpellers(see
Fig.14).
Figure14.Thebiofuelinlineblendingsystem
ForcarryingoutblendingtheBiofuel,thismethod
willusetwo tanks (onefor DO and one for Catfish
biofuelB100)andgearpumporscrewpumpwiththe
suitable capacity. On the line connection from DO
and biofuel B100 tank, we will install the control
flow.
For the determined the temperature for mixing
biofuel with the inline method in the cool weather
area,we carry out blending the biofuel ba
se on the
notionoftheCatfishbiofuelhasthecloudingpointat
14
o
C.Toavoidthecloudingpoint,keepblendingthe
Catfishbiofuelabove14
o
C.
Splashblendingorintermediateblendingmethod
will blend the DO and biofuel B100 manually, mix
theDOandthebiofuelinthetankbyhand.
2.6 ThetestontheCatfishbiofuelB5andB10onthe
Yanmar6S185L‐ST
Runtheengineandputloadontheengine:0%,25%,
50% and 75%. Measures the change of burning
pressurewhenchangethesupplyingfuelfromDOto
B5andB10.Measureandrecordthetesti
ngresultsof
theprocessasbelow:
2.6.1 WiththeloadofP≈0%,thefuelDO,B5&B10
Run the engine with no load position from
dynamometer; change the fuel from DO to B5 and
B10wehavetherecordasFig.15[3].
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Figure15.ATrialtestontheenginewithfuel:DO,B5and
B10atn=900RPM,theloadP≈0%.
Pmaxchangearound2%sincethereisachangeof
thefuelfromDOtoB5andB10.
The exhaust gas temperature and the fuel rack
position show very small change with Tmax =
453oK,h=0.9
The revolution of the engine reflects the very
smallchangeclearancelimit
.
Followingaboveresults,inthiscasewithoutthe
load putting to the engine, the performance
parametters of engine are not changed and are the
samewhenwechangedthefuelfromDOtoB5and
B10.
2.6.2 WiththeloadofP≈25%,n=900RPM,andthe
changeinthefuelfromDOtoB5andB10
Increasetheloadto25%,aft
er10minutesforthe
engine to working stably, we measure Pmax of the
enginebyDPIandrecordasbelow:
Pmax decrease under 2% when we change the
fuelfromDOtoB10andB5.
ExhaustgastemperatureTmax=493oK,andfuel
rackpositionh=1.25.
RPM of the engine also decrease to a very small
around2–3RPM.
Withtheloadof25%,Pmax,TmaxandFuelrack
positionoftestEnginechangeisveryslight
ly.
Figure16.Thetestontheenginewithfuel:DO,B5andB10
atn=900RPM,theloadofP≈25%.
2.6.3 WiththeloadofP≈50%,n=900RPMandthe
changeinthefuelfromDOtoB5andB10
Increasing the load to 50%, run the engine with
the DO, B5 and B10 we have the burning pressure
characteristicsasFig.17.
Figure17.Thetestontheenginewithfuel:DO,B5andB10
atn=900RPM,theloadofP≈50%.
Following the Figure 17, with the load of the
engine 50%, use the fuel DO, B5 and B10 we have
resultsasbelow:
BurningPressureoftheenginechangeisslightly
lessthan2.5bar(about3%)withthefuelchanged
fromDOtoB5andB10.
Theexhaustgastemperaturechangesslight
lyand
hasvalueofTmax=563oKwithfuelrackh=1.9.
The RPMof the test engine changes is also very
smallproportionswiththechangeofPmax
With the load of P = 50%, the test engineworks
withtheslightlychangedburningpressurewiththe
fuelchangedfromDOtoB5andB10.
2.6.4 WiththeloadofP≈75%
,n=900RPMandthe
changeinthefuelfromDOtoB5andB10
Similarlywiththeloadputintheengine50%,we
runtestenginewiththeloadincreasesupto75%,the
burningpressureandtemperaturewehaveresultsin
DPIasinfig.18.
Figure18.Testenginewithfuel:DO,B5andB10atn=900
RPM,loadP≈75%.
Follow the characteristics in figure 18, we have
some presentation concerning performance of the
engineat75%oftheloadasusingthereetypesoffuel
DO,BiofuelB5andB10asbelow:
TheburningpressureorPmaxoftheenginewith
75%loadchangesveryslightlyandlowerthan1
ba
r,around1.5%.
TmaxandFuelrackchangeisveryslightly with
Tmax=613oK,h=2.2.
The RPM of the engine decreases slightly from
DOtoB5orB10.Howeverallthechangesarein
thelimitedclearanceofmeasurementequipments.
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Forsafetyinthetestingprocess,wecannotrun
thetestenginewithfullload100%.
BaseonthetestingresultsofusingCatfishbiofuel
forYanmar6S185L‐STweconfirmthat:
Withtheloadchangingfrom0%to75%,thePmax
should be changed with the type of fuel. However
thechangeisverysmall.Thisresultkeepstheengine
parameters constant. These test results confirm that
the Catfish biofuel B5 and B10 to be used for the
marinedieselengineintheMekongdelta.
3 CONCLUSIONS
ForthestudyonapplyingtheCatfishbiofuelforthe
marine
dieselengineintheMekongdelta, wecarry
out researching from the theory to the test on the
actual marine diesel engine that uses the catfish
biofuelB5andB10.Theresultsofthestudyproves
that working parameters of the engine would
changedwiththesmallandstayinthe
allowedlimit,
followingthedecreaseoftheheatvalueoffuelsince
theheatvalueofbiofuelislowerthantheheatva lue
of DO. However the decreased of the heat value is
toosmallandnottobechangedtotheoutputpower
ofthetheengine.
Usingthe
CatfishbiofuelintheMekongdelta,we
could solve two importance problems: first is the
reducingtheHC,CO,SO
xandNOx[1]inexhaustgas
of the marine diesel engine that affects the
environment. And the second is that using Catfish
biofueltoreplacethepetroloil.
With all of the above results, we confirm that
usingtheCatfishbiofuelforthemarinedieselengine
intheMekongdeltaissuitable
totheoutputpower
ofthedieselengine.Howeverforfullyresolvingthis
problemwestillneedmoretimetotestandevaluate
the effects of Catfish biofuel on the wear of the
cylinder liner, piston ring, fuel system and other
parts.
REFERENCE
[1]BBIBiofuel International– Canada, Biodiesel Blending
Guild, 2008, 701–30 Duke St.W.Kitchener, ON, N2H
3W5.
[2]Luong.L.V (2004), Theories of Marine Diesel Engine,
NhàXuấtbảnGiáodục,Vietnam.
[3]Quan. P.V (2014), projects: “Applying the Catfish
Biofuelfor small marine dieselengine in riverboat at
Mekong delta”. Transportation University in HCMC,
Vietnam.
[4]U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and
Technical Information, (2008), Biodiesel Handling and
UseGuide(FourthEdition).
[5]Lauter instruction and manual book DPI 50 (2013)
Lauter Instruments Control Automation, Friedrich
lauterGMBH&CO.KG,Germany.
[6]Yanmar S185 (L)
operation manual (1981), Yanmar
DieselEngineCo.,Ltd,Japan.
