327
1 INTRODUCTION
Maritime Safety and Security requires adequate
responsetoanykindofemergency,quickandreliable
planning and assignment of crew resources and
finally,efficientcrisismanagement.Thesethemesare
some of the most important in maritime education
andtrainingandSTCWManilaAmendmentsapplied
since 2012 (see [4]
‐[6]) reflect a major priority for
training ship’s officers and crews of cargo and
passenger ships in sufficient skills and appropriate
procedures.Thebestwaytoattainexperienceandto
gainthenecessaryskillsarepracticerunsonspecially
designedsimulatorswhichrealisticallyrepresentthe
complexship conditions on board
such vessels after
anemergencyalertoccurs.
Although there are many rules and regulations
alreadyinplace–e.g.SOLAS,STCW,ISM,andISPS‐
itis stillnecessarytoensureapermanent process of
correction and improvement in safety and security
precautionarymeasuresbothinportaswellasatsea.
Thisisdonebytestingandimprovingmodernsafety
andsecurityequipmentandalsoincludesaconstant
review of training and drills. Training is vital for
creatingapermanenthighlevelofsafetyandsecurity
awareness on board to guard against human
complacency on duty and to better motivate ships’
crews.
In their collaborative research work of Wismar
University’s research group (HSW‐ISSIMS) and the
Maritime Simulation Centre in Warnemuende
(MSCW) with the World Maritime Universityʹs
Maritime Risk and System Safety (MaRiSa) research
group are improving training possibilities, e.g. with
thedevelopmentandintegrationofsimulationbased
modules into training
units and course schemes.
Furthermore other studies, e.g., to investigate the
effectivityof safety and security plansand planning
Maritime Safet
y
and Security Challenges – 3D
Simulation Based Training
C.Felsenstein&K.Benedict
HochschuleWismar,UniversityofAppliedSciences–Technology,BusinessandDesign,Germany
M.Baldauf
WorldMaritimeUniversityMalmö(WMU),Sweden
ABSTRACT:MaritimeSafetyandSecurityon boardships verymuchdepends onwelltrainedcrews.Thatis
whytrainingandexercisingemergencyresponseproceduresaswellasefficiencyinreliablemanagementare
extremelynecessary.Ontheotherhandresearchaswellastechnologicaldevelopmentinsafetyandsecurity,
toolsandotherkinds
oftechnical andorganizationalsystemscontribute tofurtherimprovementandguarantee
high levels of safety and security in maritime transportation. Simulation facilities are essential for both
exercising and training but also for research and technological development. This paper introduces the
innovativeconceptofasafetyandsecuritytrainingsimulator(SST
7)anddescribesresearchworkrelatedtothe
implementationoftrainingscenarios.Selectedresultsofacasestudywillbepresented.Ashorterversionofthis
paper was originally presented at the International Conference on “Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea
Transportation”atGdyniainJune2013.
http://www.transnav.eu
the International Journal
on Marine Navigation
and Safety of Sea Transportation
Volume 7
Number 3
September 2013
DOI:10.12716/1001.07.03.02
328
procedures or newsafety devices, are carried out to
assess how they stand up under varying conditions
and during different courses of events in a selected
series of simulation runs. To this end a Safety &
SecurityTrainingsimulator(SST
7)wasdevelopedand
isusedalsoincombinationwithothersimulators.
2 SIMULATIONENVIRONMENTFORSAFETY
&SECURITYTRAININGANDRESEARCH
The Maritime Simulation Centre Warnemuende
(MSCW)isoneofthemostmodernsimulationcenters
worldwide encompassing a full mission Ship
Handling Simulator (SHS), Ship Engine Simulator
(SES)andaVessel
TrafficServicesSimulator(VTSS)
aswell as a newtype of simulator called the Safety
and Security Trainer (SST7) see Figure 1. This
integratedsimulationplatformcomplexwithfourfull
missionsimulatorsenablesthetraineetosimulatethe
entire system ship and offers concrete challenges to
officers and crew on
board. The simulator
arrangement(MSCW)comprises
a Ship Handling Simulator SHS with four Full
Missionbridgesand8PartTaskBridges,
a Ship Engine Simulator SES with 12 Part Task
stationand
a Vessel Traffic Services Simulator VTSS with 9
operatorconsoles
a Safety and Security Simulator
with 10 operator
consoles
Figure1. Maritime Simulation Centre Warnemuende
(MSCW)
At WMU the combined SST7‐Desktop SHS is
installed and used for training and research into
specifichumanerrorfactors([11]‐[13]).
2.1 Integrated useofSafetyandSecuritySimulationfor
trainingandresearch
The new SST
7 simulator was designed by the
manufacturer Rheinmetall Defence Electronics
Bremen (RDE) in co‐operation with Wismar
University, Department of Maritime Studies. The
simulator was originally designed in a basic 2D
version and is now being developed into a 3D
interface. The simulator can be specifically used for
“stand‐alone” exercising
as well as for exercises
incorporating both the SHS and SES. Together with
the full training material set‐up, and including all
ships safety plans, it was introduced as the “mars
7
”
concept[1],[2].Thesimulationsystemcanbeapplied
to specific simulation based studies and has the
potential to help in upgrading existing safety and
securityproceduresintraining.
The situation on board ship regards emergency
preparedness is generally affected by the following
problems:
crew capability and experience in
the event of
„disturbed“operationonvesselsislimitedoreven
non‐existent
multi‐lingual crews cause communication
problemsinanemergencysituation
reduction of crew members causes lack of
manningavailable
complexity of emergency equipment is
permanently developing, but training in
emergency handling is not on
a par with these
developments
Newmanagementsystemsandregulationsofthe
IMO (ISM/ISPS) mean that new methods in
technology for emergency training are necessary.
HSW offers simulation based training courses in
safetyandsecurityatvaryinglevelsofcomplexity;for
ratings at a basic level, for officers and masters at
management level – all in accordance with IMO
standards.
2.2 Integrationofanew 3D‐visualizationmodelintothe
SST
7
OneofthemostinnovativeelementsattheMSCWis
demonstratedonthenewthree‐dimensionaldraftofa
RoPax‐ferry M/V (FS “Mecklenburg‐Vorpommern”)
ontheSST7‐simulator.The3D‐modelapplicationhas
beencreatedbasedontherelevantship’ssafetyplans
andcloselyadherestoaseries of
photosessionstaken
onthevesselandusedfordesignwithinthesoftware
system “3D studio – max”. For the simulator safety
trainingallavailablesafetyequipmentonboardand
safetysystems(e.g.CO2,sprinklersystemandwater
drenching system) have been drafted into the 3D
visualization. Figure2 illustrates the
ship’s plan of
M/V.
Figure2.Visualization3DM/Vdeck9
In addition to the RoPax ferry another complete
modelofacontainervessel,typeCV4500,wasdrawn
up separately as well as a part task model of the
passengervessel“AIDAdiva”.Figure3andFigure4
presentasamplevisualizationoftheparttaskmodel
of the passenger vessel “AIDAdiva”‐ship’s
bridge
and safety & security console behind bridge. The
bridgeandenginecontrolroom(ECR)ofallmodeled
vessels in 3D visualization are equipped with
329
interactive training consoles on bridge and in ECR.
Meanwhilethreedifferenttypesofvesselshavebeen
testdraftedforcomplexsimulationbasedSafetyand
Securitytraining.Themodelingprocessisfinishedto
the highest standard of detailed reality and enables
efficient handling of all safety equipment and‐
systemsonboard
andtooksixmonthsforeachvessel.
Figure3.VisualizationBridgeAIDA
Figure4.Safety‐/securityconsoleAIDA
2.3 SimulationbasedmodulesandsystemforSafety&
SecurityTraining
GenerallytheSST
7isdesignedforproceduretraining
inemergencymanagement.Twomoduleshavebeen
integrated into the SST
7, a complete fire and fire
fightingmoduleaswellasawaterinrushmodule.
The fire model (visually adapted) has a module
withanumberofrealisticeffectsforeasyorientation
incorporatedintothesimulation.Amodernfirealarm
management system with smoke detectors and
manual calling points is built
intotheship’s interior
andeasilyflammable materials are protected by fire
resistant A60 walls and doors. This model includes
smoke visualization, a fire fighting system with
equipmentsuchasfireextinguishers,waterhosesand
hydrants, breathing apparatus, CO2 systems and
foam. This enables the trainee to simulate a realistic
firefightingsituationandinteractwithsupportteams
aswellasthemanagementteamsonthebridgeandin
the engine room. During the simulation a strategic
figure’shealthconditionismonitoredwithregardsto
oxygen, smoke, temperature and other health
influencingparameter.Bothmodules,fire‐andwater
inrushmodulesee
Figure5andFigure6.
Figure5.FiremoduleinSST7(flashover)
Figure6.StabilitymoduleinSST7(ballasttanks)
OnefurtherfeatureoftheSST7isthe module for
calculating water inrush and its influence on ship
stability.A water ballastsystemisincludedandcan
becalleduponduringsimulationofanemergencyin
order to stabilize the ship. The trim and stability
calculatorisadjustedto predictthe effectof a water
inrush
andshowthestabilityparameter.Water‐tight
doors are built into the modelled vessel. The ballast
and stability measuring system can be implemented
on the simulator prompting the trainee to take the
appropriatecountermeasures(Figure6).
A graphic display with selected environmental
parameter (temperature, oxygen, gas and other
parameter) enables
the instructor to control the
exerciseandevaluate the trainee’sawarenessand to
presenthisperformanceaftersimulationinthereplay
mode. For implementation of specific scenarios
according to emergency management procedures on
board,itwasnecessarytoprovideacomplexprocess
simulation system with a bi‐directional interface for
the safety simulator and ship‐handling simulator.
With these features and combining all simulator
resourcesatthe MSCW (SHS/SES/ VTSS/ SST
7) it is
now possible to visualise the entire complex system
ship and to provide training in ship handling and
engine simulation processes in 3D quality for most
simulationprocessesinsafetyandsecurity[3].
2.4 DecisionSupport SystemMADRAS
Thesimulationplatformincludesanewsupportand
decision system called
MADRAS. The system was
tailoredforthe SST simulator andsuperimposes the
sensor data from the SST. The control module
330
selection contains the following elements for
automatic survey: FIRE, EXPLOSIVES, SECURITY,
EVACUATION, GROUNDING and FLOODING. In
theeventofanysensoralarmtheMadrasmenuopens
anddisplaystheaffecteddeck/areawiththeactivated
alarmsensor.MADRASisaninteractivesystemanda
helpfultoolincriticalsituationsforthe
Master.Both
the SST
7 simulator and the MADRAS system were
successfully implemented and tested over the last
threeyearswithinthecontextoftheresearchproject
VeSPer(fundedbytheGermanMinistryofEducation
and Research). First pilot courses have been carried
outforend‐usersattheMSCWandarepresentedin
the
nextchapter.
3 APPLICATIONOFTRIALCOURSESONTHE
SAFETY&SECURITYTRAINER
Inco‐operationwiththeshippingcompanyF.LAEISZ
anintroductorysimulationsafetycoursewasheldin
2010andtwo further trial courses carriedout at the
MSCWin2011and2012.
3.1 IntroductorycourseforShippingCo.F.LAEISZ
on
RoPaxTRANSEUROPAin2010
Theaimofthefirsttrainingcourseonboardwasto
introducetheSafety andSecurityTrainerandtocarry
out trial simulation courses on the SST7 generally.
The scenario chosen for this simulation was a fire
emergency on a RoPax ship using the available
fire
extinguishing equipment (CO2, foam, water
drenching). The main objective was to offer
emergency procedure practice for the officers, crew
andservicepersonnel,especiallymeasuresneededfor
communicationandtheevacuationofpassengers.
Duringthe 7 ‐daytrip severalcourses were given
to the entire crew and finally a “dry training”
was
carriedoutonboard,mirroringsimulationtrainingat
themonitor.TheresultwasthattheCaptainandhis
crew were able to appreciate a real improvement in
thestandardofthedryexerciseaftertheirexperience
fromthe simulation. The companythen booked two
further demonstration courses at the
MSCW during
their ships management courses organized by the
WarnemuendeTechnicalAcademy(WTA)in2011.
3.2 SafetyTrialcoursesforF.LAEISZShippingCo.at
MSCWin2011and2012
Company specific emergency scenarios were chosen
for the demonstration courses to F.LAEISZ’
specifications and were simultaneously run together
withtheSHS
aswellasasecondtrialwhichincluded
theSES(enginesimulator).Thecoursesweretailored
to improve emergency management organizationon
board.ThecoursesattheMSCWwithmorethan60
participants per course were organized and
conducted by MSCW staff in conjunction with a
student team and in
co‐operation with network
partners ISV and MARSIG, tailored to requirements
oftheshippingcompany(Figure7).Thetrainingwas
conducted as recommended by the STCW
Convention,ManilaAmendmentsanddevelopedand
usingtherequiredStandardMarineCommunication
Phrases(SMCP),[4]‐[7].
Figure7.BriefingSHS,bridge1
Figure8.ConceptEmergencyPlan
The Emergency Management Course was carried
out using prepared scenarios. As a sample the
scheduleofafirescenariois described starting with
an emergency plan tailored for the CV 4500
promptingtraineestofollowthesafetyregimeduring
the exercise exactly. Standard materials were
providedtoeachtraineewhenperforming
simulation
exercises. Event Schedule Fire Auxiliary E.R. –
331
trainingwascarriedoutaccordingtoEmergencyPlan
(Figure8).
3.2.1 Scenariodescription:
On board the container vessel CV4500, Pos.
Singapore Strait westbound, loading condition C6
(Hand Out), break out of fire after oil leakage in
generator engine room deck 04 PS forward. Ship/
shorecommunicationSSTcarriedoutby
VHFchannel
13.Firealarmisindicatedonthealarmpanelonthe
Bridge(SST
7&MADRAS‐system) and ECR. Internal
communication held between Bridge and ECR
(Master/ 2
nd
Officer/ Ch.Eng. and 2
nd
Eng.) with
referencetopreparationoffirefightingteamwearing
protective equipment (breathing apparatus, heat
protection suit). Check that fire dampers are closed.
Ventilation of affected area cut off to prevent fire
spread.
FromcontrolpointECRfollowsadvicetostartfire
fighting. Simultaneously bridge starts preventive
evacuation of superstructure
while preparation of
waterandfoamsupplybegins(e.g.firehoses).VTIS
Singapore has to be informed immedia tely after fire
break out via VHF channel 13. VTIS gives order to
leaveTSSinnorthdirectionandforanchorageat„E‐
BoardingGround“.Afterthefirefightingteamisset
up(report
ECRtoBridge)fire fighting begins in the
engine room. Due to fire spreading intensely (as
simulated based physical model indicates) further
measures are necessary,e.g. fire fighting with foam.
Afterfailureofbilgepump1respectivelyfirepump1
(malfunctions)startofreplacementpumpsandrepair
work(ECRand
SST7).
Duetointensefirespreadthecontrolpoint(ECR)
givesordertothebridgetostartevacuation.Thefully
equipped crew sent to assembly station EGR aft of
superstructure. After evacuation is completed in
alignment with communication and evacuation
procedures according to Bridge Resource
Management (BRM) and Crisis Management, crew
gathers at assembly station with personal protective
suit/lifevest.Crewrollcallmadeby3
rd
NOandthe
master gives order to release CO
2. In the event of
missingpersonsasearchteamissentthroughoutall
decks.Afteradelayoftwominutestheengineroom
is doused with CO
2. Using the graphical model and
Fire Editor (SST) as well as from the MADRAS
working station (ECR) several parameters
(temperature, fire spreading, fire fighting) can be
checked and adapted. After report back of „fire is
extinguished“andanadequatetimelapse(20min)the
areaischeckedbyafullyequippedfire
fightingteam
(after ventilation of area CO
2), before the signal “all
clear”canbegiven.Furtherfirewatchesmustbeset
up.
Depending on training standards and different
humanelementrisksandinordertoinsureawareness
for a better understanding of team emergency
management on board applicants should repeat
simulation exercise with exchanged duties and
replaced
rolesinsecurityimplementationatdifferent
SST stations and with reference of EUS MADRAS
system to be followed up, see chapter 2.4, 4.3 and
Table2.
Tab. 1 gives an overview about a combined
emergencysimulationexercisetestedattheSST
7/SES.
Tab. 2 illustrates the overview of the integrated
decision support system MADRAS. Both tables give
the trainees support and are used as a guideline to
followupduringtheexerciseprocedure.
Table1.OverviewScenario
Cha
p
ter Arran
g
ement Usestations
Stations
1Instructor+6SST
7
workstationsincl.
Communication
4ECR/ER
workstation
Objective
Management+fire
fightingmeasuresafter
fireoutbreakD04PSGR
roomforward,POS:Spore
Strait,
W‐
b
ound
ECRcameraview
D04PS,controlof
firefighting,
supervisoryEUS–
system
affectedarea
DO4Cell077,materialoil,
amount50kg,extinguish
withWater/Foam
Incaseofuncontrolledfire
propagationpreparation
forreleaseCO
2andfore
evacuationmeasures
ECRworkstation
cameraview.
MADRAS:
Decisionmenu
Faulttreeanalysis
acc.
Brid
g
emana
g
ement
Documents
forTrainees
SafetyplanCV4500,ship’sparticulars,loadingand
stabilitymanual,ISM/ISPScode,MADRAS
manual
Navigation
staff,stations
Master
–
SST8OAC
1.NO–OSCSST7
2.NO–external
communication
3.NOSupportSST6
Supportstaffdistributed
toSSTstations
EUS‐ System
MADRAS:
EUSFaulttree
analysis–
Malfunctions
LeakageD00PS
after15s.
Failurebilgepump1
at30cmwaterlevel.
Failurefirepumpsat
temp.Cell77
>800°.
FailureMEafter10
min.
Contr.alarms,ECR/
SST
7:
CrisisManagement
&evacuation
Technical
staff,stations
C.E.CommandECR
(CO
2release)
2.TO–Deputy3.
TO–FFLeader
SST5
EL.Eng.–Supp.ECR
FitterfirefightSST2
Graphical
displayof
parameter
Temp.cell77/67
SmokeC.77/67
CO
2C.077
WI‐WaterLevelER,cell
067/077
Briefing
FamiliarizationSST7:movementalgorithm,
orientation,safetyarrangement,evacuation,
communication,criterionmalfunctionparameter
MADRAS/SES
Exercise
duration
2X45min.=90min.
Recordin
g
ofexercise
De‐Briefing
Replay/Evaluationofexercise,
Assessment
Table2.Mastertree–EUSsystemMADRAS
MADRAS–MasterTree
Investigationsituationonsite
Feedback–extensionoffire,whatisonfire?
Yes Fireextinguished? No
Clearlocation Firealarm
Firewatch Closingprocedures
Ventilation Protectionsuits
332
Communication
intern,externtobe
secured
Feedbackreadiness
Preparationof
measuresoutside
location
Controloffire
p
arameterMADRAS
Emergencypower
su
pp
l
y
tobesecured
ProceedingFire
fi
g
htin
g
team
Yes Fireextinguished? No
Evaluationon
site
GeneralAlarm
Clearup
location
Allclosingin
ECR/ERand
su
p
erstructure?
FireWatch
Allcrewdefinitely
evacuated?
Ventilation
ReleaseCO
2/Close
ventilation
Procedure
monitoring
p
arameter
MonitoringfireextensionandCO
2bygraphic
displaySST
Yes Fireextinguished? No
Controlfire
process:Enter
affectedarea>
20minCO
2
detector)
Secure
Communication
intern,extern
Clearup
location
Startwithevacuation
p
rocedure
FireWatch
AllcrewonStation,
welle
q
ui
pp
ed?
Ventilation Furtherproceduresadvicefrombridge
3.2.2 Briefing:
TheparticipantsareintroducedtotheSST
7aswell
as to the other work stations (SES). The varying
functions and operation algorithms of the strategic
SST roles are explained and practiced. The trainees
are shown different operational options with their
respective parameter (walking, running, turning,
crouching etc). The Madras system is sketched out.
After the participants’ familiarisation
with the
equipmenttheyaregivenanoutlineofthescenario.
The aimis to prepare them for specific emergencies
that they may encounter on their own ships and to
helpthemachieveawarenessofthespecificstressof
problems ensuing. The training is aimed at
management level whereby organization,
communication,
emergencymeas ures andprocedures
canberealisticallyrehearsed.
3.2.3 Simulation:
Each trainee is placed at his appropriate work
station (6 SST
7 workstations, 4 SES/ ECR work
stations, 1 MADRAS station in ECR). Internal
communication via headphones and microphone or
on board radio or following bridge commands via
public address system. The instructor surveys the
parameter windows and adjusts where appropriate.
Malfunctions, e.g. non‐function of bilge‐ and fire
pumps,havebeen
purposelyaddedintothescenario
tobe dealt with bythe trainees self‐sufficiently.The
procedureisexercisedaccordingtoprecedentslisted
intheship’sarticles(MusterList).Communicationon
boardandexternalcommunication[6],organization/
proceduresforusingsafety equipment and‐systems
(CO
2 system) found as indicated in the safety plan.
Afterthefirehasbeensuccessfullyquenchedandthe
area examined (after sufficient ventilation) the
simulationexerciseiscomplete.
3.2.4 De‐Briefing:
During de‐briefing the trainee performance is
individually evaluated as well as the team co‐
operation.Duringthereplayunsatisfactorypassages
of the exercise, such as orders not correctly
interpreted, may be repeated. Extra emphasis is put
on adequate communication skills (internal and
external).CommunicationwithVTIS,withotherships
as well as with the Shipping Co. (“Emergency
Reporting System”) must be conforming to STCW
standards and Standard Marine Communication
Phrases
(SMCP).Thedata‐basestoredparameterand
recordedprocessesofthefirefightingproceduresare
evaluated in replays together with the participants
(Tab.3).
Table3.EvaluationSST‐TrainingCourse2011
Course:
Number of participants:
56
Number of courses:
4
Number of questions:
16
Questions
Average Evaluation
Number of
participants
How do you evaluate….
1
the organisation and support service of the participants?
1,4
2
the handouts? 2,1
3
the briefing including the performance requirements? 1,7
4
your familiarity with the handling of the SST after the
briefing? 1,9
5
the ease of operation of the simulator during the exercises? 2,5
6
the hook up of the SST with the ship handling simulator? 1,7
7
the reality of the simulator as an emergency procedure
trainer? 1,8
8
the time limit of the simulation exercises? 3,3
9
the SST as an additional training measure?
1,5
10
the fixed installation of the SST inside the MSCW? 2,1
11
the modeled equipment and the safety systems? 2,1
12
the fire model? 2,1
13
the water inrush model? 2,4
14
the communication system of the SST? 2,5
15
the usage of the SST at management level?
1,1
16
the usage of the SST at basic level?
2,3
Total Evaluation 1,9
Evaluation better than 1,5
Evaluation in-between 1,5 and 3,0
Evaluation below 3,0
LAEISZ - Ship Management Seminar May 2011
The analysis, Table 3 (notes in range 1 to 6, best
note1)indicatesthattheonlycomplaintwasthefact
that there was not enough time given to fully
implement for such a complex simulation exercise.
This will be taken into consideration at further
courses in future. In summary
the SST7 was well
acceptedespeciallyatmanagementlevel.
2014 the HSW has arranged for another training
course with well known Shipping Company
specifically in security challenges for shipping
personnelonmanagementlevel.Thepreparationfor
the forthcoming course is in progress and in close
cooperation with the company (CSO) and under
surveillance of PPZ (Preventive Piracy Centre
Neustadt,Germany),describedinchapter4.
333
4 SECURITYTRIALCOURSESATMSCWIN
PREPARATIONFOR2014
Specific security scenarios have been developed for
furthercoursesattheMSCWin2014.The following
chapterpresentsasampleofasecurityscenariowhich
was specifically designed for challenges in maritime
securityaccordingtoSTCWandwithreferenceto
the
ManilaAmendments.
4.1 Scenariodescription:
RoPax Ferry M/V prior to departure Port Rostock.
Boarding and checking Passengers, Cars, Lories,
TrailerandBusses.Afterchecking cars(fromoutside
by detector) and spot check of lorries and buses as
well as interior of all cars/lorries parked on car and
trailerdecks
3to5inlane1to5andsegments1to20.
Allpassengersaretakeningroupstothecabindecks
and public areas decks 5 to 7 (SST). Ship Protection
Measures (SPMs) are implemented and ship’s
personnelactinaccordancewithMusterList.Among
passengers deck 07 one
man carrying a suite case
enters Rostock lounge and places the suitcase in a
corner. The man leaves the lounge unnoticed. After
loadingprocedurecompletedandclearancegivenby
Warnemuende Traffic the ferry M/V departs from
Rostock Port seawards (SHS). Outside the port the
ferryproceedsinsidethefairwayto
buoyNo.1.
Suddenly a detonation occurs in Rostock Lounge
D07.Firestartsandspreadstoothercellsalloverthe
area. Passengers escape immedia tely from the
affectedareatooutsideopendecks.Firealarmsounds
on Bridge (SST
7 and MADRAS system) and in ECR.
All officers are equipped with portable radios.
InternalcommunicationbetweenBridge,Firefighting
team,supportteamandECRcarriedoutaccordingto
Emergency Management. Fire Squad equipped with
BAandheatprotectionsuitsproceedtoaffectedarea
for fire fighting with water. Some water
flooding
causedbycontinuedfirefightinginengineroomand
bilges. Bilge pumps are activated. On scene
commander (with gas detector) detects high gas
penetrationintheloungeandreportstoMaster.The
fire is now under control and can be extinguished
afterafewminutes.Gasconcentrationintheaffected
area increases. Master releases General alarm and
activatesventilation.Advice fromBridge:passengers
and crew have immediately to proceed to the
assemblystations(withlifejacketandsurvivalsuit).
Communication and evacuation procedure carried
out according to BRM and emergency procedure
regulations.1.NOchecksrollcall.Incaseany
person
missingsearchteamsenttosearchalloverdecks.No
missingpersonsconfirmedby1.NO.
Thefirefightingprocedureismonitoredatthefire
editor (SST
7) in graphic mode and controlled at the
MADRAS working station inside the ECR. After
report “fire extinguished” crew has to wait outside
the affected area and sufficient time is given for
ventilation(20min).Aftertheareaischeckedbyfire
watch team (with BA, heat protection suit and gas
detector) the “all clear” may be given. Telemax
(remote controlled) integrated to the scenario (deck
07) for optional transport and disembarkation the
suspicious suitcase over board (object “disabled”).
Further boarding GSG9 by Helicopter and checking
procedure according to clipboard (see 4.4). The
scenarioisdesignedforsixSSTworkingstations
and
in combination with the Ship Handling Simulator
(SHS)includingMADRAS.
Support documentation material provided to
Trainees, see 4.2. Overview Scenario presented in
Table4.
4.2 SupportDocumentationforTrainees:
HandoutandMusterlist
EmergencyplanCV4500
EmergencyReportingSystem
SSTmanualandMADRASmanual
Shipsdocuments:
EmergencyPlans(ISM/ISPS)
Shipsparticulars
Trimandstabilitybooklet
Medicalguideforships
IMDG‐,ISM‐,ISPS‐Code
Table4.OverviewSecurityScenarioRoPax
MV:a)DepartureHROSecurityProcedure,b)Explosion/GasAttack/Fire/WaterInrush(WI)inER
Chapter Stations Procedure
Stations:
Instructor,6Trainee‐Stations SST
7,SHS‐Bridge/ ECR Station– internal,externalCom‐
munication
BridgeandECR
Management
Objective:
GeneralawarenessofSecurityProcedure(boardingHRO)and“BestManagementPrac‐
tice” after incident casualty. Implementation of registration and reporting system as
wellas“ShipProtectionMeasures”(SPMs).ShipSecurityAlarmSSA.POS:HROout‐
bound,CourseNNWfairway
FullLoadDep.1Compartment,22.745dwt
Draughtfwd6.53aft6.52m,
GM3.34,ɗ1.015
Bilgepumpscapacity620cbm/h.Securitymeasuresduringboardingandondeparture.
Gasattack&defenceD07LoungeRostock–organizationBRM&CrowedCrisisMan‐
agement.Firefighting/waterinrush–emergencyprocedure
ECRCameraViewD07PS
EUS – MADRAS system
(activated)
Affectedarea:
Deck07PSLoungeRostock(LR).
FireD07LoungeRostock,explosive/gas/fire25kg
FireCellsLR02200‐5/‐7/‐3/‐1,022013,022011
Fire Fighting water/ CO
2, Water Inrush ER 10% (<capacity bilge pumps 620cbm/h).
EvacuationtbcObject1suitcasexposx151,39/ypos5,0570/zpos27,600
TelemaxMooringDeck05aft(opt.obj.disabled)
MADRASAlarmConsole
Decision Support Analy‐
sis,Emerg.Management
EffectivityControl
Documentation:
EmergencyPlanMV,ShipPlans,registry/report,
Trim‐/StabilityDocs,ISMCode/ISPSCode
MADRASManual
334
Strategic Fig‐
ures
Nautical Per‐
sonnel,
InitialPos.:
Captain/(Instructor)–SST1OACCommand
1.NO–OnSceneComm.SST6EGRWT
2.NO–managementoffirefightingSST1WT
3.NO–managementofsupportSST5WT
AB1–memberoffirefightingsquadSST1
OS
–memberofsupportsquadSST1
Bosun–handlingTelemaxMooringaftSST1
Application EUS
MADRAS(ECR)
Malfunctions:
‐explosioneffect
‐FireD07LoungeRostock
‐firepumpfail
‐MEfail
Control alarms, sensors
D07
In case offire spread:
training procedure Crises‐
and Evacuation Manage‐
ment
Strategic Fig‐
ures Technical
Personnel, Ini‐
tialPos.:
Ch.Eng.–CommandECRSST3WT
3.TO–leaderfirefightingECRSST4WT
Fitter–GRSST2,OilerandsupportstaffSST1
PaxgroupsandMen1(withsuitcase)SST1
Graphic Model
Parameter:
Temperaturecell022005D07
Smokeconcentrationcell022005D07
Temp.,CO
2,smoke,gasconcentration(detector)
WI‐WaterLevelEngineRoomER,malfunctionintensityrampfunction10‐3%,stability
criteriaGM
Briefing:
FamiliarizationSST:Movementalgorithm,orientation,safety/securityequipment,‐systems,communication,alarms,
parameter,malfunctioncriteria,fireextension,recordparameter,MADRAS‐modules.
Simulation: 60minincl.Briefing/De‐Briefing,RecordexerciseandreplaySHS/SST
Debriefing: Evaluation&replay–Trainee’sawarenessinMaritimeSafety&Security
4.3 MADRASQuestionnaire:
ExplosionandfireinLoungeRostock
investigatesituationonsite
report:location,sizeandtypeoffire
startfirefightingpumps
trytoextinguishwithportablefireextinguisher
Isfireextinguished?
no
releasegeneralalarm
shutdownventilation
/closeallfireflaps
prepareundputonfireprotectionequipment
Firepumpsactivated(bridge/ECR)?
internal/externalcommunication
reportofreadinessoffirefightingunit
preparationofsupportmeasures
ensurepowersupply
surveyfireparametersinMADRAS
action of fire fighting
and support unit (fire
fightingandcooling)
Isfireextinguished?
yes
analysesituationinaffectedarea
cleanup
arrangefirewatch
ventilation
no
prepareextinguishingwithfoam
shut down ventilation / close all fire flaps
ensure completeness of crew on assembly
station
release CO
2/ monitoring fire parameters and
CO2concentration
Isfireextinguished?
yes
placefirewatch
cleanup
Startventilation(toreducegasconcentration)!!!
no
prepareevacuationofthevessel
externalcommunication
cleanup
placefirewatch
Influenceafterdamageandflooding
WIinengine
roomarea
releasegeneralalarm
closingofwatertightdoors
startbilgepumps
assessmentofleakage
rollcallofcrew
checkvesselstability,WIcriteria
Isbilgepumpcapacitysufficient?
calculation for bilge pump capacity according
toformulaFigure9
Figure9.VolumecalculationtocheckcapacityBilgepumps
yes
Ensure manoeuvring ability, leak sealing,
pumpoutwater
no
GMDSSdistresscall
beawareoflossofmanoeuvrability
Guidevesseloutoftrafficzone(anchorage?)
monitorfreesurfaces
permanentcheckofadjacentspaces
4.4 ClipboardTimeSlot
Thepreparationanddesignfor
aclipboardtimeslot
helpstheinstructortocontrolthequalityoftrainee’s
performance during the simulation exercise and
indicates the time frame for emergency procedures,
whichshouldnotexceedtheallottedtime(Table5.).
4.5 Debriefing:
Sufficienttime(20to30min)shouldbecalculatedfor
De‐Briefing including
evaluation, assessment and
replay of exercise. The De‐Briefing should be
followedaccordingtotheClipboardtimeslot(Table
5).Theparticipantsshouldrecognizethatpermanent
simulation training and training on board would
improve standards for the Safety‐ and Security‐
Regimeonboardandwillencourageasafetyculture
amongthe
teamonboard.Theresultof the training
335
shouldbetoraiseseafarerawarenessofrisksinSafety
andSecuritywithreferencetothepolicyof
AcceptSecurity
Applyingriskmanagement
Contemporarysecurityknowledge
Creatingsecurityculture
Enhancingpoliciesandprocedures
Protectivemeasure(implementing)
Trainingcommitment
Table5.OverviewSecurityScenarioRoPaxClipboardtimeslot
ProcedureSimulationExerciseSST7 Scripthints
Clipboard
timeslot
Todobeforeexercise:
Master/2.NOwithWalkie‐TalkieChannel1/2for
externalcommunication,InstructorCh.1/2
Soundcheck
SST7‐stationsinternal
communicationheadset
6stations Soundcheck
M/VEnginecontroltoBridge
Loadgraphicaldata,preparefirecells,malfunctions,
ConnectEUSMADRAStotheSST7‐system
Allstations
p
rovidedwithdocumentations?
Checkby
Instructor
Step Action Doneby SST–remarks Evaluation–clipboardremarks
1
Start
exercise
Instructor
Checkmoderate
soundlevelSST
7
M/VpriordeparturefromHRO,
Checktrafficand
p
assen
g
ers
Startstopwatch!
Exercise
started
2
Situation‐/
Action
Monitor
Trainees
Orientationship
plan/Consoles
Cars/lorriesparkedoncarandtrailerdecks3to5inlane1to
5,segments1to20.
Passengers
groupsdecks
5‐7(10min)
3
Bridge
(SHS)and
SST
7
Masterand
2.NOonBridge,
1./2.En
g
.inECR
Report/Clearance
to/fromTraffic
Control
Boardingprocedurecompleted,
1.NO/Bosuncloseallcardecks
crewclearallstationsfwdandaft
ProcedureonSHS/
SST
7?Departure
ProcedureSHS?
Within5min
4
Bridge
(SHS)and
SST
7
Master/2.NO
onBridge,
1./2.En
g
.inECR
Manoeuvringon
Bridge,Control
ECR
DeparturePortRostock
Onepassenger
*)
withsuitcaseto
Loun
g
eRostock(SST1)
ProcedureSHS/
SST
7?
Within5min
5
Bridge
(SHSand
SST
7
Master/2.NO
onBridge,
1./2.En
g
.inECR
Manoeuvringon
Bridge,Control
ECR
Ferrypassesbreakwater
Publicareascrowded.One
p
assen
g
er
*)
leavesloun
g
e
ProcedureSHS
Communication
TrafficControl?
Within5min
6
Detonatio
nLounge
Rostock
Instructor
Firespreadingand
Gaspenetration
PassengersescapefromLounge
Rostocktoopendecks
FireAlarmto
Bridge?
Within2min
7
General
Alarm
Master/Bridge
InitiateGeneral
Alarm.Activate
SilentAlarm.Info
toRCC
PassengersandCrewadvisedto
proceedtoassemblystation,Ch.
Eng.Informedforreducedspeed
Alarmand
announcement?
Procedure?
Within2min
8
Reduce
Engine
Master/2.NO/
ECR
InfotoTraffic
control
AdvicetoOSCtocollectgas
detector.Fireandbilgepumps
activated
Internal/external
communication?
Procedure?
Timelevel2
min
9 OSC:completenesscrewatassemblystation.Closedstatusaccommodation.confirmed Procedure?
Timelevel2
min
10
Navigatio
nControl
Master,
1.NO/Ch.Eng./
CSO
SafeManoeuvring/Navigation.FireSquatTeam1/2withfullsafetyequipment
(BA’s,HeatingSuits)collectfirehosesandproceedtolounge.Coolingteam
prepares/activatescoolingaroundaffectedareaandopendecks.Bosun/3.
Mate/TO
p
re
p
arelifeboats
Timelevel4
min
11
Control
camera
view
Master/
Ch.Eng./ECR/In
structor
Observing procedure on deck, lounge and assembly
stations. OSC checks gas concentration in lounge,
increasing. Fire in lounge under control. Ventilation
activated. Info to Traffic Control and contact to
com
p
an
y
acc.toEmer
g
enc
y
Re
p
ortin
g
S
y
stem
Crewassist
passengers.Search
Teamchecksdecks
5to7after
p
assen
g
ers
Procedure?
12 InfoOSC Completenessallpassengersatassemblystation! Procedure?
Timelevel10
min
13
General
Alarm
Master
CoordinationMaster/ Ch.Eng. Head of operations and
fire fighting action with water. F‐Squad 2 cooling
flanking areas. Stop fire fighting, proceed cooling
outside. Crew advised to proceed to assembling
stations.
Strategically
realisation?Gas
concentrationin
accommodation
areareduced
Procedure?
14
Advice
from
Traffic
Control
Traffic Control/
Master/CSO/
Ch.Eng.
Phone conference Master/ Traffic Control/ Company
(CSO).AdvicetoMastertostopvesseloutsidefairway.
Master informs Ch.Eng. / reduced speed. Ventilation
cont.O
2levelaccommodationnormal.Gasconcentration
inLRreducedtoZero
Control
strategically
realisation?
Gasdetection?
Decisionand
initialaction
within10
min
15 Failurebilgepump1 2bilgepumpsarestillrunning
Checkstability
criteria(GM)
Capacity?
b
il
g
e
p
um
p
s
16 Dismantlebil
g
e
p
um
p
1for 2bil
g
e
p
um
p
sarestillrunnin
g
Ca
p
acit
y
acc.tocalculationFi
g
ure9
336
re
p
air insufficientran
g
e
17
Vesselstoppedoutside
fairwayforanchorage.
Helicopterapproaching/arrived.Passengersinformed/
stdbyassemblystations.CrewstdbyforHelicopter(Fire
S
q
uat/Assistin
g
)
ContactVHF16
Helicopter?
Fire
successfully
extin
g
uished
18
EmbarkationGSG9ondeck09.AfterconferenceonbridgeGSG9checkpassengers.
Identification/arrestingsuspiciousperson/disembarkationperson.AdviceM/Vtoreturn
toHRO.DisembarkationGSG9.PaxtransferredtosubstituteferryafterarrivalHRO.End
ofsimulation!
Internal/external
communication?
Strategically
realisation?
MVreturns
toHRO
19 Exercisetime,re
p
la
y
andthorou
g
hstud
y
withall
p
artici
p
ants.EvaluationandAssessmentofTrainees Total90min
5 OUTLOOKANDCONCLUSION
The safety and security trainer has provided new
impulses for ship’s security while dealing with
dangerous accidents in the merchant maritime field.
New ideas derived from analytical examination of
several research projects can be useful in the future
development of the SST
7 and encourage improved
methodsfortheintegrationofsecuritymeasuresand
safetyawarenessonboard.
Tothisendthereareon‐goingstudieslookinginto
the potential for simulation‐based exercises also
taking into account training aspects related to port
personnelassignedwithsecurity tasks.Amongother
issues, the studies
are dedicated to the SST7
simulation models for the port‐ship interface. These
testsareperformedwithintheframeof the Lifelong
learning Program of the European Union, DG
Education and Culture and belong to the
LEONARDOProjectMETPROM(ModularEnhanced
TrainingProgrammeforEuropeanMaritimeSecurity
Personnel).
The development and application of simulation‐
based
training supports not only optimization of
emergency management training, but also improves
team performance and collaborative learning [8] as
well. Furthermore sophisticated simulation even
allows for the identification of unwanted effects or
unforeseenimpacts[9]ofdraftedemergencyplans.
Some of the research results presented in this
paper were partly achieved
during the research
projectʺEnhancementofpassengers ʹsafetyonRoRo‐
Pax‐ferriesʺ (VeSPer & VeSPer Plus) funded by the
GermanFederalMinistryofEducationandResearch
(BMBF)andsupervisedby„VDITechnologiezentrum
GmbH,ProjektträgerSicherheitsforschung“.
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