International Journal
on Marine Navigation
and Safety of Sea Transportation
Volume 6
Number 4
December 2012
SECTION I
Navigation security of navigation depend most on
the opportuneness and basis of administrative
solutions, which captain and his watch officer made
during navigation watch, based on operative receipt
complete and trustworthy information. However
lack or abundance of such information in the
extreme situations leads to the wrong actions with
negative consequences.
The situation of the indefinity turned out in the
case of information lack. That does not assist to
acceptance of the correct decision.
In the case of the surplus of the information the
situation is characterized that navigator can very
difficulty detached main characteristic, to separate
unessential, to reveal major correlations and make
appropriate decision.
Thus contradictions arise between quantity and
quality of the receipt information, ways of its
remaking, reflection, keeping and using in the
interests of navigation security. Producing
contradictions provoke necessity of conducting
special researches, which can make optimal decision
through number and measure.
In accord to our opinion, that problem could be
solved with the aid of complex using of new
technologies in navigation: satellite system of
different appointment and means of reflection of the
heterogeneous information on the basis of
geoinformation systems (GIS) which mean
combination of computer equipment, program
provision, geographical data and arbitrary project by
user for accumulation, keeping, modification,
processing, analysis and visualization of all forms of
information.
It is a well know fact that digital map is a basis of
any geographical information system.
Geoinformation system gives an opportunity to
create maps in different scales and projections with
different colouration, to define spatial links between
maps objects, that is to create any necessary
geographical maps which satisfied consumer’s
requests. In this way, the main appointment of GIS
is an efficient presentation of reliable and processing
space-dispersed information to the user which is
necessary to solve administrative problems. It makes
About Effectiveness of Complex Using of
Satellite and Geoinformation Technologies on
the Ship of Compound ‘River-Sea’ Type
A. Boykov
Department of Navigation, Moscow State Academy of Water Transport, Russia
V. Katenin
State Research Navigation and Hydrographic Institute, Russia
ABSTRACT: The problem of obtaining complete and accurate information for the skipper is crucial in
making the right decisions to ensure safe navigation. Subject of study in this paper is the effectiveness of
incurring way navigational watch with a wide variety of navigation equipment at the bridge. The authors
demonstrate the benefits of integrated use of satellite & GIS technologies on ships to various options of using
other electronic navigation systems.
475
it irreplaceable analytical tool in daily and especially
in extreme conditionals.
Success of GIS makes conditional on
maintenance of the following main requests.
GIS must be:
− complete, that is inclusive all parties of infor-
mation, program and technological provision
which meet in the process of the system exploita-
tion;
− complex, to give an opportunity of joint analysis
of the large group of parameters in its correlation;
− open, to provide easiness of modification and re-
setting to maintain its on the level of contempo-
raneity, which is necessary as for providing evo-
lutionary, so for solution of different tasks;
− covered, to provide protection of information
which is intend for different administration levels.
GIS must provide solution of the following tasks:
− creation and conducting of the base space-
dispersed data;
− creation and editing of digital maps in the differ-
ent projections and scales;
− reflection of the different data in the form of
maps, graphs, diagrams;
− analysis of mapping data;
− fathoming of geometrical characteristic of natural
objects, distance from geographical points to the
areas with either conditions;
− change of scales of reflection, forms and aspect of
the presentation of graphic and maps information;
− binding to the information from data bases to ge-
ographical objects on the digital maps;
− interpolation and construction of vectorial and
scalar fields on the information from data bases;
− fulfillment of inquiries on the different samples
from data bases;
− on the reflection and spatial analysis of the maps
data (on parameters, periods of time, regions,
etc.);
− documentation of information production;
− application of supplement for carrying out special
kinds of processing, keeping information, etc.
One of the complicated problems of the GIS-
technology are the efficient gathering and keeping of
initial data, which survey is the most labor-intensive
and expensive process. Nowadays traditional sea and
river paper navigation maps become the most
widespread as the basis for creation of the digital
maps. However in the case of the maps lack or
necessity to get operative information of the large
spatial inclusion using the distance means is the
most expedient. The satellite information of the GIS
has the special importance here. In the GIS the
results of the distance investigation of the Earth
surface (ocean) from the space are regularly
renovative source of the data, which is necessary to
form the information layers of the electronic maps in
the large scales spectrum (from 1:10000 to
1:10000000). Information from the distance means
of survey gives an opportunity not only to estimate
efficiently, but mostly to renovate and correct using
geographical stratum with exact arrangement of
objects on them to geographical system of
coordinate.
Including aforesaid, complex information from
following satellite systems could be useful for
forming geographical stratum:
− navigation (GLONASS, GPS, Gallileo,
GLONASS+ GPS+ Gallileo);
− survey of situation;
− oceanographic;
− meteorological;
− geodesic.
Using of satellite – relay assists realization of
connection between ships and command of different
levels.
Integration of complex satellite information and
GIS reveals new opportunities for providing
navigation security of the navigation. New
technology has following advantages which make it
leader at the cost of:
− complex of information;
− operation of its receipt and presentation in com-
pact form;
− graphic presentation;
− opportunity of analysis of joint heterogeneous in-
formation and production of well-founded admin-
istrative decisions.
To prove advantages of GIS before existing
programmes of providing navigation security of
sailing, based on using only electronic map and
satellite navigation system could be possible using in
the article new method of comparative estimate of
effectiveness.
We could detached the following standard
conditions of sailing and describe them briefly.
According to the world practice regions of sailing
separate on:
− oceanic where sailing accomplished behind
boundary of the continent shelf or on the distance
of more than 50 area miles from land or another
obstacle;
− coastal where sailing accomplished in the bound-
aries of 50 sea miles from land or in the bounda-
ries of external border of coastal bank or another
dangers or in the area where sailing limited;
− ways to the harbours and sailing there, where sail-
ing accomplished in the waters situated between
land and area of the coastal sailing. Those regions
are determined separately for each water way in
the practice of navigation;
− internal water ways where sailing accomplished
in limited areas, resemble with sailing in harbours
or on the ways to its.
476
Therefore it is necessary to distinguish only 3
areas: oceanic, coastal and reduced sailing.
SECTION II
We could compare new technology with other
approaches for comparative estimate of its
effectiveness:
− without using of electronic maps;
− using electronic cartographical navigation-
information systems for reflection of the definite
itinerary of movement and reflection of necessary
information for provision security of sailing.
As a criterion for comparing systems, we take the
probability of obtaining reliable information for
management decision Р
ДОСТ
- multiplicative
indicator species [4]
∏
=
=
n
i
iНБП
PР
1
(1)
where:
Р
i
– private dimensions (i=1,5);
Р1 – accuracy rate sailing ship at any time;
Р2 – measure the speed of information (РОП)- the
probability of obtaining the necessary
information in a specified time or in real time;
Р3 – measure the validity of the information (РОБ)
- the probability of obtaining the information
that is adequate to the situation in which the
vessel is located. Calculated using
mathematical modeling;
Р4– measure the influence of the external
environment (РГМО) - the probability of
hydrometeorological information in real time,
which affects the safety of navigation of the
ship;
Р5 – measure the influence of human factors on
safety of navigation (РЧФ) - the probability of
making correct management decisions in the
light of human qualities and professional
experience.
The primary means of determining the place of
the ship are now satellite navigation systems are the
second generation: GPS (U.S.) and GLONASS
(Russia) and their functional additions.
Private index P1 is calculated as the probability
of hitting a ship in a circle given radius or a strip of
given width, respectively [5]
Р
к
= 1 - ехр(-r/M)
2
, (2)
Р
п
=
2М
Ф
Ш
П
(3)
where
r - given radius;
М - experimental standard deviation determine of
the position;
Ф =
dt
t
х
е
∫
−
0
2
2
2
2
π
- Laplace function.
For the calculation of other partial indicators of
efficiency can be used depending on the analytical
or probabilistic estimates, which are an expert
way [6,7 ].
Comparative analysis of the effectiveness of the
proposed method is carried out for three options:
− option 1 - for the existing equipment from the
navigating bridge
SNA receivers, but without the electronic cards;
− option 2 - for navigating bridge with the receivers
of the SNA and electronic charts;
− option 3 - for navigating bridge with the receivers
of various satellite systems and GIS-technologies.
The results of calculations by formula (1) are
given in Tables 1-3.
Based on the outcome Р
ДОСТ
taken from the
tables, the graphs for the studied variants of the way
and watch.
Table 1
Existing equipment navigation bridge with the receivers of the SNA, but without the electronic cards
Watch
Navigation zones
Cramped conditions and GDP
Captain
опер
чф
Р
т
= 1,0 Р
гмо
=0,7
опер
чф
Р
т
= 1,0 Р
гмо
=0,75
Р
опер
= 0,9 Р
чф
= 0,9
Р
т
= 1,0 Р
гмо
=0,85
Р
об
= 0,75 Р
нбп
=0,52
Senior Assistant
опер
чф
Р
т
= 1,0 Р
гмо
=0,7
опер
чф
Р
т
= 1,0 Р
гмо
=0,75
Р
опер
= 0,9 Р
чф
=0,8
Р
т
= 1,0 Р
гмо
=0,85
Р
об
=0,7 Р
дост
=0,43
Second
Assistant
опер
чф
Р
т
= 1,0 Р
гмо
=0,7
опер
чф
Р
т
= 1,0 Р
гмо
=0,75
Р
опер
= 0,9 Р
чф
=0,7
Р
т
= 1,0 Р
гмо
=0,85
Р
об
=0,6 Р
дост
=0,32
Third Assistant
опер
чф
Р
т
= 1,0 Р
гмо
=0,7
опер
чф
Р
т
= 1,0 Р
гмо
=0,75
Р
опер
= 0,9 Р
чф
=0,65
Р
т
= 1,0 Р
гмо
=0,85
Р
об
=0,55 Р
дост
=0,27
477
T
able 2
Existing equipment navigation bridge with the receivers of the SNA and ECNIS
Watch
Navigation zones
Cramped conditions and GDP
Captain
опер
чф
Р
т
= 1,0 Р
гмо
=0,7
опер
чф
Р
т
= 1,0 Р
гмо
=0,75
Р
опер
= 0,9 Р
чф
= 0,9
Р
т
= 1,0 Р
гмо
=0,85
Р
об
= 0,85 Р
нбп
=0,58
Senior Assistant
опер
чф
Р
т
= 1,0 Р
гмо
=0,7
опер
чф
Р
т
= 1,0 Р
гмо
=0,75
Р
опер
= 0,9 Р
чф
=0,8
Р
т
= 1,0 Р
гмо
=0,85
Р
об
=0,82 Р
дост
=0,50
Second
Assistant
опер
чф
Р
т
= 1,0 Р
гмо
=0,7
опер
чф
Р
т
= 1,0 Р
гмо
=0,75
Р
опер
= 0,9 Р
чф
=0,7
Р
т
= 1,0 Р
гмо
=0,85
Р
об
=0,75 Р
дост
=0,40
Third Assistant
опер
чф
Р
т
= 1,0 Р
гмо
=0,7
опер
чф
Р
т
= 1,0 Р
гмо
=0,75
Р
опер
= 0,9 Р
чф
=0,65
Р
т
= 1,0 Р
гмо
=0,85
Р
об
=0,70 Р
дост
=0,35
T
able 3
Suspension bridge with the receivers of different Satellite Systems and GIS technologies
Watch
Navigation zones
Cramped conditions and GDP
Captain
опер
чф
Р
т
= 1,0 Р
гмо
=0,9
опер
чф
Р
т
= 1,0 Р
гмо
=0,95
Р
опер
= 0,95 Р
чф
= 0,9
Р
т
= 1,0 Р
гмо
=0,97
Р
об
= 0,95 Р
дост
=0,79
Senior Assistant
опер
чф
Р
т
= 1,0 Р
гмо
=0,9
опер
чф
Р
т
= 1,0 Р
гмо
=0,95
Р
опер
= 0,95 Р
чф
=0,8
Р
т
= 1,0 Р
гмо
=0,97
Р
об
=0,95 Р
дост
=0,70
Second
Assistant
опер
чф
Р
т
= 1,0 Р
гмо
=0,9
опер
чф
Р
т
= 1,0 Р
гмо
=0,95
Р
опер
= 0,95 Р
чф
=0,7
Р
т
= 1,0 Р
гмо
=0,97
Р
об
=0,95 Р
дост
=0,61
Third Assistant
опер
чф
Р
т
= 1,0 Р
гмо
=0,9
опер
чф
Р
т
= 1,0 Р
гмо
=0,95
Р
опер
= 0,95 Р
чф
=0,65
Р
т
= 1,0 Р
гмо
=0,97
Р
об
=0,95 Р
дост
=0,57
CONCLUSION
1 Common to all three cases is that the likelihood
of obtaining reliable information increases for all
members of the bridge watch on the transition
from the oceanic area to the navigation of a ship
sailing in cramped conditions and the GDP.
2 Using only SNA + ECNIS slightly increases the
likelihood of obtaining reliable information
Р
ДОСТ
. Sharp rise in Р
ДОСТ
provides comprehen-
sive use of heterogeneous satellite data and GIS
technologies.
3 Under the first option (in the absence of electron-
ic cartography and mapping of the external envi-
ronment) there is the advantage of capital over
other members of the bridge watch, especially in
the area of constrained navigation. This ad-
vantages are:
− from 1.15 times to 1.21 times over the senior
assistant, respectively, in the ocean swimming
area and swim in cramped conditions;
− from 1.41 to 1.62 times over the second mate;
− from 1.73 to 1.92 times over the third assistant
4 Under the second option (subject to availability of
electronic means of cartography and mapping of
the external environment) the advantage of capi-
tal over the rest of the way down to watch some
of the same conditions and sailing is as follows:
− from 1.17 to 1.16 times for the senior assistant;
− from 1.41 to 1.45 times for the second assis-
tant;
− from 1.71 to 1.66 times for the third assistant.
In this case, the greatest effect the introduction of
electronic cartography and mapping of the
external environment is achieved when
navigating in the coastal zone.
5 Under the third option (subject to availability of
information from different satellite systems and
applications of GIS) is a significant reduction in
the superiority of capital over the rest of the way
the watch. In this case, the advantage of 1.1 times
remains almost constant for all zones of naviga-
tion on the senior assistant, rising marginally
from 1.22 times to 1.3 times for the considered
zones of navigation on the second assistant, and
slightly decreases from 1.4 times to 1.38 times
over a third assistant to the same conditions of
navigation.
6 When comparing the values РДОСТ between
variants may be noted
7 The biggest advantage of the integrated use of
heterogeneous satellite data and GIS-technologies
478
received the third mate in the area of coastal ves-
sels.
The smallest advantage of this complex
technology to access capital when navigating in
restricted conditions.
8 Application of satellite and GIS technologies, to
some extent negates the professional experience
and expertise of the bridge watch (Роб). Thereby
reducing the risk of human factors on the wrong
decision and created considerable promise for au-
tomating the navigation process.
Figure 1. Comparative analysis of effectiveness (Р
дост
) Watch
for various sailing conditions for a hardware version of the
navigation bridge
Figure 2. Comparative analysis of effectiveness (Р
дост
) watches
in different sailing conditions for the 2 variants of the
navigation bridge equipment
Figure 3. Comparative analysis of effectiveness (Р
дост
) watches
in different sailing conditions for the 3 types of equipment
navigating bridge
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479