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1 INTRODUCTION
The need for shipping fresh food products is a trend
today [1], [2], according to speed up access to
shipments with large capacities [3], refrigerated
containers are needed that can keep product shipments
fresh, this is based on the problem that products can be
easily stale, damaged or contaminated if sent within a
few days without using refrigerated containers.
PT.XXX started operating in Medan in 2016,
engaged in shipping services according to a
distribution activity from one place to another to
facilitate consumers and has delivered to all parts of
Indonesia [4], in this case PT.XXX is one of the logistics
service providers that has several types of services,
ranging from Reefer Container, Isotank Container,
Forwarding, and Thermobox Truck.
PT XXX in this case has 4 branch offices, namely
Medan, Jakarta, Surabaya and Makassar, providing
reefer container rental services, for shipments from the
origin factory to the destination warehouse (Door to
Door) shipments are made for routes throughout
Indonesia, then renting reefer containers to be used as
cold storage which is rented per period in accordance
with the agreement with the customer,
This research was conducted directly at PT.XXX to
explain the understanding of the reefer container rental
business [5] and the phenomenon of uncertainty that
occurs in running this business, this research is focused
on shipping activities from Jakarta to outside Jakarta
(throughout Indonesia), Ideally a company wants there
to always be an increase in reefer container shipments
but after observations made at PT.XXX obtained reefer
container shipping data starting in 2022, 2023, and
November 2024 on the Jakarta - Out route of PT.XXX
as follows.
Analysis of Business Uncertainty in the Reefer
Container Sector in the VUCA Era of Industry 4.0.
Case Study
W. Hadi, N. Azisah & E. Andarwati
State University of Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia
ABSTRACT: This study examines the phenomenon of uncertainty in the reefer container business within the
VUCA era (Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity, Ambiguity), focusing on a domestic route case study of PT.XXX.
The background of this research lies in the demand for fresh product delivery, which faces uncertainties in market
conditions. The objective of the study is to identify the factors of uncertainty, classify their impacts based on
relevant divisions, and provide mitigation solutions. The research methodology employed is a qualitative case
study, involving observations, questionnaires, and documentation. The findings reveal that uncertainties stem
from government policies, delays in vessel schedules, and fluctuations in operational costs such as fuel prices and
freight tariffs. The study concludes that cross-division collaboration and improved mitigation strategies are
crucial to maintaining business stability. It is recommended to enhance employee training, strengthen technology
integration, and establish strategic partnerships with logistics partners to minimize the impact of uncertainties.
http://www.transnav.eu
the International Journal
on Marine Navigation
and Safety of Sea Transportation
Volume 20
Number 1
March 2026
DOI: 10.12716/1001.20.01.24
224
Figure 1. Fluctuation of Jakarta-Out Reefer Container
Delivery Rate
Based on the graph, 2024 is the year with the lowest
shipment volume, compared to previous years. The
decline that occurred was due to the reduction in
people's purchasing power, and due to the 2024
political year.
When viewed in the 2024 graph in January to
February there was a decrease due to the election
which made the delivery stop for a moment, while in
March there was an increase in shipments due to the
Eid religious holiday which made shipping demand
increase.
However, the decline did not last long, because
starting in July there was an increase again due to the
Indonesian independence day held at IKN (Capital
City of the Archipelago) in Balikpapan, so that many
shipments headed to Balikpapan, the chart anomaly
occurred because there was one customer, but made
many shipments, each shipment of 3 reefer containers
and it was done for 2 consecutive weeks which caused
a significant increase, this continued until October 2024
due to the grand opening event of the branch in
Balikpapan.
Running a reefer container business has a great
opportunity but also has risks that must be considered
[6], because based on one example of PT. Porman
Kitchen Storefront's shipments are insured by the
insurance institution (PT. Lippo General Insurance
Tbk, 2024) with chicken meat commodities from
Jakarta to Balikpapan with a value of Rp 250. 000,000
per container with a temperature setting of -20 ° C. It is
known that the price of one reefer container unit ranges
from 100 million to 450 million, then if in the delivery
of 1 20 feet container can load 15 tonnes, then the
accumulation of 1 kg of chicken meat at a price of Rp
40,000 then in one shipment the value of the cargo
reaches Rp 600,000,000 each shipment requires
insurance.
The value of the cargo does not match the actual,
because if the greater the value of the goods, the greater
the premium fee that must be paid, this is usually
notified to the sender and has been agreed before the
shipment is made.
Then, in running the reefer container [7], [8]
business directly, it is known that many obstacles occur
at the time of stuffing, because every shipment is based
on the ship's schedule, so if there is a delay in the ship's
berth, the shipping cost will increase, and this will
cause losses in the shipment [9]. This loss is due to the
cost of plugging or generators to supply electricity for
reefer containers.
One of the shipments of PT So Good Manufacture
on the Jakarta Makassar route, the delivery was
delayed for 2 days, due to engine damage to the
Meratus Sorong MS160N ship, so that after stuffing on
16 November 2024 it could only board the ship on 18
November 2024 so that PT.XXX suffered a loss of
plugging costs for 6 shifts which were calculated to be
worth approximately Rp. 2,100,000 because the
container must always be kept at temperature.
This phenomenon of uncertainty cannot be
predicted, in the current vuca era, vuca stands for
volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity,
which means conditions of uncertainty that can occur
at any time [10], [11]. This phenomenon is difficult to
avoid requiring PT.XXX to take mitigation steps
quickly and responsively [12].
Based on this, deeper observation is needed to find
out the phenomena of uncertainty in the reefer
container business which can include technological
developments, changes in food industry trends,
economic conditions, ship berthing schedules, force
majeure, internal ship conditions (port equipment and
ship engines) and weather. So that it is expected to
provide an overview for someone who will start a
reefer container business or reefer container business
actors to better understand the phenomena that occur
and can reduce losses in every shipment.
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Reefer Container Shipping Business Theory in the
Industry 4.0 Era
Shipping using Reefer Container [8], [13] was first
cetuskon by Malcolm McLean, a business owner of a
company engaged in land transport using a truck
called ‘Mc Lean Trucking Company’. Malcolm's
business began to expand towards intermodal
shipping from land shipping to sea shipping by buying
the Pan Atlantic Steamship Company shipping
company which caused him to be called the ‘father of
containers’ because of his innovation in shipping using
containers starting in 1956 through a trip from New
Jersey to Puerto Rico which became the beginning of
Sea Lan Service Inc.
Then in the 1950s to 1960s Malcolm McLean [14]
made many shipping innovations in order to achieve
shipping efficiency, then when making a voyage
Malcolm McLean needed a container that could store
food ingredients, then made engineering modifications
by running electricity and setting the temperature in
the container so that food and medicine could stay
fresh and safe for a long time, then a refrigeration
container was made.
2.2 Theory of VUCA (Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity
and Ambiguity)
VUCA [9], [15], [16] is a condition that can occur
massive changes due to several factors that can be
predicted or that are difficult to predict the direction of
change, these circumstances are VUCA (Volatility,
Uncertainty, Complexity, and Ambiguity). The term
VUCA was put forward by Warren Bennis and Burt
Nanus around 1987 based on leadership theory.
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Technology that has regenerated to become more
sophisticated makes the acceleration in the industrial
revolution 4.0 look very massive, humans are
increasingly easy to communicate and exchange
information using digital media connected by the
internet from smart devices. This development triggers
complexity and the absence of a definite direction
related to changes in digitalisation (ambiguity)
accompanied by other sectors that affect one of them
business and economy which are closely related. The
business sector is currently very influential with the
current trend, the current trend created by a generation
and accepted by the audience can be a new thing and
get great exposure, so that it can immediately increase
marketing.
2.3 Theory of VUCA (Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity
and Ambiguity)
The individual competence of PT.XXX employees to
face VUCA requires individuals who are ready to work
according to (Prayesti Tyas, 2022) Brady's theory in his
book there are aspects of a person who states that
someone is ready to work, namely the existence of
responsibility, flexibility, adative, skills, self-view, and
self-security.
In this case (Prayesti Tyas, 2022) explains that
employees need to be embedded with responsibility or
responsibility to complete all tasks properly, flexibility,
which means that a person has an adaptive nature that
is easy to adjust to his environment, has skills or skills
which means that a person who is ready to work with
the abilities he has and feels able to complete every job
well. Furthermore, self-view is the level of self-
confidence of a person who consciously has the ability,
confidence and acceptance within himself.
The last is health and safety, which means that a
person can manage and maintain personal hygiene, be
agile in using safety properties [17], and be physically
and mentally healthy. With this, problem-solving skills
will naturally emerge and increase self-confidence,
honest personality, in everyone.
2.4 Supply Chain Integration
The individual competence of PT.XXX employees to
face VUCA requires individuals who are ready to work
according to Brady's theory in his book there are
aspects of a person who states that someone is ready to
work, namely the existence of responsibility, flexibility,
adative, skills, self-view, and self-security.
In this case explains that employees need to be
embedded with responsibility to complete all tasks
properly [18], flexibility, which means that a person
has an adaptive nature that is easy to adjust to his
environment, has skills or skills which means that a
person who is ready to work with the abilities he has
and feels able to complete every job well. Furthermore,
self-view is the level of self-confidence of a person who
consciously has the ability, confidence and acceptance
within himself.
The last is health and safety [19], which means that
a person can manage and maintain personal hygiene,
be agile in using safety properties [17], and be
physically and mentally healthy. With this, problem-
solving skills will naturally emerge and increase self-
confidence, honest personality, in everyone.
2.5 Theory of Refrigenerated
Refriragted Container is a type of container that has
closed ventilation with a chilling system that plays a
role in maintaining temperature conditions in the
container room [20], [21]. Reefer Container has several
specific parts as follows:
1. Cooling Unit (Reefer Unit)
The refrigeration unit can be a mechanical or
thermal refrigeration system, and is also equipped
with compressors, condensers, evaporators, and
temperature control devices, and the refrigeration
unit part is the main component in the reefer
container.
2. Compressor
The compressor is the original part of the
refrigeration unit whose job is to compress and flow
refrigerant in the system, the compressor also helps
in the cooling process using moving refrigerant
from the evaporator to the condenser.
3. Condenser
The condenser is the original part of the
refrigeration unit that cools the refrigerant that has
been compressed. generally, this condenser is on
the outside of the container and can use air or water
as a cooling medium.
4. Evaporator
Evaporator is a component contained in the
container and is tasked with absorbing heat from
the air in the container so that the temperature can
be controlled. Refrigerant evaporates in the
evaporator and absorbs heat from the environment.
5. Temperature Control and Regulatory System
The temperature control system makes the reefer
container have settings to adjust the temperature
requirements according to the commodity to be
transported.
6. Thermal Insulation
Reefer containers are equipped with excellent
thermal insulation materials that reduce heat
transfer between the interior and exterior of the
container. This insulation is crucial for maintaining
a stable and efficient temperature.
7. Ventilation
The ventilation system ensures even air circulation
and temperature distribution inside the reefer
container. This prevents unwanted cold or hot spots
from forming or defrosting.
8. Water Disposal System
Poly reefer containers are equipped with a system
to remove water that forms because of
condensation, preventing the build-up of water that
can damage goods.
9. Door and Lock System
Reefer container doors are designed to ensure
airtightness and temperature tightness. The lock
system is also important to keep the items inside the
container safe.
10. External Control Panel
An external control panel allows technicians to set
the temperature as well as monitor the status of the
refrigeration unit from outside the container. It is
often equipped with temperature and operational
status indicators.
11. Alarm and Monitoring System
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Some reefer containers are equipped with an alarm
as well as monitoring system to alert you if there is
a case of sitting on the temperature or refrigeration
unit.
2.6 Barriers in the Reefer Container Shipping Process
Shipping reefer containers there are several risks that
must be considered, so that each shipment must be
carried out carefully [22], as for some of the risks that
can occur, namely:
1. Poor communication between stakeholders or
parties involved in the process of sending reefer
containers.
2. Humid environmental conditions affect the
performance of reefer containers.
3. Damage to the reefer container's electricity which
causes the reefer container's electrical power to
decrease or die completely
4. Damage to the container machine during stuffing
due to not doing SOP PTI (Pre-Trip Inspection)
before the container is used.
5. Error in setting the container temperature
6. Miscommunication occurs so that the container
ventilation that should be closed becomes open.
3 METHODOLOGY
The method in this research is a qualitative case study
conducted at PT.XXX located in Sunter, North Jakarta
in the period January 2025 to November 2025, while the
framework in this study is as follows.
Figure 2. The Framework of Study
The following are the stages of research
implementation:
1. Pre-research Stages
At this pre-research stage, the researcher
determines the characteristics of the informants
who will fill out the questionnaire, in this process
the researcher conducts research according to the
research background and prepares a research
proposal and questionnaire guidelines.
2. Field Work Stages
At this stage the researcher began to make
observations and questionnaires, namely:
− Classifying informants, namely senior sales,
operations, and customer service who already
have 7 to 10 years of experience in the field of
shipping reefer containers.
− Researchers sent questionnaires to 6 random
companies engaged in the reefer container
shipping business.
− Researchers conducted an analysis of the
questionnaires that had been made.
3. Data Analysis Stages
Based on the results of questionnaires, observations
and company document studies, researchers deeply
analyse each information obtained and relate it.
3.1 Data Collection Methods
Data collection techniques carried out by researchers
during the research process in qualitative methods are
carried out in three ways, namely:
1. Observation
Observation or observation carried out by this
researcher was carried out in a massive manner, the
researcher made direct observations at the location
of the PT.XXX company because the researcher was
an employee at PT.XXX so that the researcher could
understand more deeply about all the events that
occurred.
2. Questionnaire Filling
The questionnaire made in this study is the result of
actual identification carried out by researchers
while working in the reefer container business field
which is assisted by the supervisor in improving the
writing structure, the questionnaire contains
questions and statements related to the phenomena
of uncertainty in the reefer container shipping
business services.
3. Documentation
This documentation is carried out using media in
the form of company documents in the form of:
epolish, invoices, minutes, road letters, drawings,
photographs, and recordings that can be accurate
evidence in conducting research to focus more on
research problems [23].
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Based on the data obtained in this study, the results
obtained in this study are as follows:
4.1 Uncertainty Phenomena Affecting Reefer Container
Business Stability
To find out the phenomena of uncertainty that occur in
the reefer container business at PT.XXX, research is
carried out by direct observation in the field, then
conducting questionnaires to 18 participants consisting
of 6 different companies, from 3 different divisions.
Starting from the marketing or sales division of 6
people, then the customer service division of 6 people,
and the operational division of 6 people, all
participants are seniors in their division in the field of
reefer containers who have been running the reefer
business for more than 7 years.
With this questionnaire he provided a lot of his
knowledge and experience in the reefer container
business, besides that, documentation of the problems
that occurred, and evidence that strengthened the
research.
227
The evidence is invoices, photos, and company data
that will complement this research. Besides that,
research was also carried out on the stuffing,
monitoring and dooring processes on each shipment
during January 2024 to November 2024.
4.2 Existence of Shipping Agent as Owner of SOC Reefer
Container
Shipping agent is the first company to provide rental
services for multi-mode reefer container
transportation, shipping reefer containers between
islands can only be done by sea or using ships,
shipping agents are here to make it easier for customers
to meet the needs of shipping products out of Java
Island.
Shipping agents have a professional workforce in
their fields specifically for shipping reefer containers,
shipping agent companies will arrange all the
necessary needs such as supporting documents such as
insurance, quarantine, SI (Shipping Instruction)
documents, DO (Delivery Order Get In and Get Out),
and shipping agents make it easier for customers to
send products without having to go through long and
complex bureaucracy.
4.3 Uncertainty Phenomena in the Era of VUCA
(Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity, and Ambiguity)
The VUCA era according to (Rani Afkarina et al., 2023)
is a condition that can occur massive changes due to
several factors that can be predicted or that are difficult
to predict the direction of change, these circumstances
are VUCA (Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity, and
Ambiguity).
Based on the journal (Soraya et al., 2022) the term
VUCA was put forward by Warren Bennis and Burt
Nanus around 1987 based on leadership theory.
Technology that has regenerated to become more
sophisticated makes the acceleration in the industrial
revolution 4.0 look very massive, humans are
increasingly easy to communicate and exchange
information using digital media connected by the
internet from smart devices.
This development triggers complexity and the
absence of a definite direction related to changes in
digitalisation (ambiguity) accompanied by other
sectors that affect one of them business and economy
which are closely related (Prof. Imron Arifin, 2019). is
a condition of uncertainty that makes instability in the
reefer container business, this includes:
1. Influence of Indonesia's Economic Development on
Reefer Container business
2. Competition in the Reefer Container Business
3. Analysis of the State of Market Demand in Reefer
Container Shipping
4. Influence of Government Policy with the
Sustainability of Reefer Container Business
5. The influence of shipping companies on the Reefer
Container business
6. The Influence of Shipping Companies on the Reefer
Container Business
7. Sustaining Reefer Container Business in the VUCA
Era of Industrial Revolution 4.0
8. Integration Complexity in the Reefer Container
Shipping Business.
5 CONCLUSIONS
Based on the results of the research that has been
conducted, several conclusion points are obtained that
support the research objectives, The phenomenon of
uncertainty in the reefer container business includes
various aspects that mutually affect the stability of the
company's operations and strategies. External factors
such as fluctuations in the national economy, seasonal
changes, rising operational costs, and logistical
challenges due to natural disasters and the global
climate create complex dynamics. In addition, inter-
company competition and technology-driven changes
in consumer trends reinforce the need for business
adaptation. Internally, marketing divisions face
challenges in responding to market fluctuations and
competitor strategies, while service divisions need to
improve communication, document management, and
technology implementation. Operations divisions face
risks from equipment breakdowns, bad weather, and
schedule delays. By understanding and managing
these uncertainties holistically, companies can improve
competitiveness and ensure business sustainability.
In terms of internal policies and co-operation with
external parties, companies can adopt a cross-
subsidisation strategy to reduce operating costs and
offer more competitive prices. Strong relationships
with shipping partners and trucking vendors need to
be built to ensure efficiency in the shipping process. In
addition, co-operation with relevant authorities is
important to facilitate document management and
quarantine processes. For divisional development and
increased customer focus, companies can involve the
sales team in developing customer relationships, so as
to add value to the service. Providing regular schedule
updates to customers can also maintain transparency
and build trust. Finally, providing customised
solutions for customers with specific needs in reefer
container shipping will increase customer satisfaction
and loyalty. By understanding and implementing the
above solutions, companies can effectively manage
uncertainty, maintain the stability of the reefer
container business, and increase customer satisfaction.
Factors affecting the shipping and logistics industry
include seasonal changes, government policies,
competition among shipping companies, logistics
bottlenecks, and changing consumer trends. Severe
weather changes can disrupt the delivery of goods,
while government policies, such as rising fuel costs and
port fees, increase the burden of operating costs. Fierce
competition between shipping companies with their
own fleets and shipping agents that rent reefer
containers leads to differences in shipping prices.
Logistical obstacles such as natural disasters can cause
delays in shipments, and changes in consumer trends,
such as increased demand for instant food, affect the
types of goods shipped. All these factors influence each
other, impacting the cost, volume, and delivery time of
goods.
The shipping strategy we implement focuses on
adapting to ship berthing schedules to optimize time
and cost efficiency. We ensure that the stuffing time is
aligned with the ship's berthing schedule, to avoid
additional costs such as plugging fees, which can be
incurred if the ship is late. Once the ship is docked, we
prepare transportation to transport the containers to
228
the stuffing location and ensure the loading and
unloading process is done on time. With this approach,
we strive to reduce operational costs and improve
shipping efficiency.
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