217

1 INTRODUCTION

Seabed anchors, also known as ground anchors, are

essential tools for securing various underwater

structures, such as buoys, piers, and floating vessels

(including ships, boats, sailboats, and motorboats).

They are particularly important for large floating units

that require stability and cannot be freely moved by

water currents or wind. To address these challenges,

the SAFL (Suction Anchor with extendable Fastening

Legs) seabed anchor system has been developed. These

anchors were deployed in Lake Raduńskie as a

replacement for previously used concrete-filled

buckets—colloquially referred to as ‘pigs’—which

failed to perform effectively, resulting in the drifting of

attached buoys and the moored surface vessels.

2 ANCHORS AND SEABED ANCHORS

Bottom anchors and seabed anchors are typically made

of metal and consist of several fundamental

components, including the main body, arms, claws or

blades that embed into the seabed, and a shackle or eye

for attaching the anchor line or chain. When an anchor

is lowered to the bottom, its claws or blades penetrate

the substrate due to the vessel’s weight and the tension

in the line or chain. As the vessel moves, the increasing

tension causes the anchor to embed more deeply into

the seabed, resulting in a more secure hold. Anchors

and seabed anchors are crucial for ensuring the safety

of vessels during stationary periods on open water,

providing stability and preventing uncontrolled

drifting caused by wind, waves, or currents.

Examples of typical anchoring solutions using

various types of bottom anchors for offshore structures

are presented in Figure 1 and Figure 2. Anchoring

systems used in offshore structures are generally

Innovative Suction Anchor System (SAFL)

with Extendable Fastening Legs: Design, Prototype

Development, and Initial Field Testing in Soft Seabed

Environments

G. Rutkowski & O. Jaskulska

Gdynia Maritime University, Gdynia, Poland

ABSTRACT: The article introduces the innovative seabed anchor system SAFL (Suction Anchor with extendable

Fastening Legs) and presents the results of the research team’s initial tests. Traditional seabed anchors often

struggle to maintain stability in soft seabed environments, limiting their effectiveness in various marine

applications. This breakthrough system is specifically designed for anchoring objects in such conditions. The

project aims to develop an anchor that, once embedded in the seabed, deploys lateral, extendable legs to

significantly enhance its holding capacity. The research team successfully developed a SAFL anchor prototype

and conducted preliminary field tests. The initial results not only demonstrate the effectiveness of the SAFL

system but also lay the groundwork for significant advancements in marine engineering and offshore

construction, enabling more reliable and efficient anchoring solutions for a wide range of marine applications.

http://www.transnav.eu

the International Journal

on Marine Navigation

and Safety of Sea Transportation

Volume 20

Number 1

March 2026

DOI: 10.12716/1001.20.01.23

218

categorized into gravity anchors and embedded

anchors. Figure 1 illustrates embedded anchors,

including the SAFL system (a hybrid of a traditional

suction caisson and a helical anchor) designed for use

in anchoring navigational markers (e.g., fairways) and

securing mooring buoys for small boats, sailboats,

kayaks, and other surface vessels.

Figure 1. Embedded anchors. Source: own study based on [1,

12, 13, 14].

Figure 2. Anchoring solutions for Offshore Structures.

Source: own study based on [1].

Gravity anchors (see Figure 2 and Figure 3) – This

type of anchor relies on its own weight to secure a

floating structure to the seabed. Typically made of

heavy materials such as steel, concrete, or cast iron,

gravity anchors achieve significant mass, enabling

them to provide reliable holding capacity. They are

primarily used in applications where a permanent and

secure anchorage is required—such as for large marine

structures including oil rigs, navigation buoys, or

vessels stationed in a fixed location for extended

periods. Gravity anchors are also employed in areas

with hard seabed, where other types of anchors may

struggle to penetrate or where a retrievable anchoring

solution is preferred to minimize seabed disturbance

[2,3].

Figure 3. From left: Gravity Anchor, Deadweight Anchor,

DEPLA Anchor, OMNI MAX Anchor. Source: Own study

based on [2, 3, 9, 10, 11].

Suction caissons (see Figure 1) – Also known as

suction anchors or suction pile anchors, these are a

modern type of anchor widely used in the maritime

industry, particularly for securing large offshore

structures such as oil rigs, wind turbines, and other

heavy marine installations. They operate on the

principle of negative pressure, which is generated

within the anchor to pull it deeply into the seabed,

ensuring a highly secure hold. A suction caisson

consists of a large cylindrical body with an open

bottom that is placed on the seabed. The caisson is

typically made of durable material—usually steel—

and features a wide base to maximize contact with the

seabed [4].

SEPLA-Type Anchors (Suction Embedded Plate

Anchor) (see Figure 1 and Figure 2) – This type of

anchor combines two anchoring technologies: suction

caissons and plate anchors. It is an advanced system

used in the offshore industry, particularly in

deepwater environments. A SEPLA anchor consists of

two main components: a plate anchor and a suction

chamber. The plate anchor is a large, flat element that

embeds itself into the seabed, while the suction

chamber—typically cylindrical in shape—is mounted

above it. Negative pressure is applied to draw the

entire structure deeper into the seabed until the plate

reaches the desired embedment depth. SEPLA anchors

integrate the advantages of both plate and suction

technologies, making them one of the most effective

anchoring solutions for heavy offshore structures.

Owing to their strength and adaptability to various

seabed conditions, SEPLA anchors are a preferred

choice for many deepwater applications [5].

Drag Anchors (see Figure 1 and Figure 2) – Drag

anchors are among the most commonly used types of

anchors, particularly in marine environments. Their

design and operating principle make them highly

effective for securing floating structures such as ships,

oil rigs, and offshore installations. A drag anchor

typically consists of one or two arms (called flukes) and

a shank. The flukes may be fixed or pivoting, allowing

for improved penetration into the seabed. At the end of

the anchor is a stock, which serves as the attachment

point for the anchor line or chain. Drag anchors operate

by moving along the seabed, during which the flukes

dig into the substrate, gradually burying deeper and

generating increasing resistance, eventually bringing

the vessel or structure to a stop. This type of anchor

performs best in soft seabed conditions, such as sand,

silt, or clay [6].

Anchor Piles (see Figure 1) – Anchor piles are used

to secure large structures such as oil platforms and

subsea installations. They are embedded into the

seabed by driving or pressing them in using

specialized equipment. Due to their mass and

anchorage depth, they generate strong resistance

through friction with the seabed. An anchor pile is

connected to a floating structure or offshore

installation via robust cables or chains, which are

attached to its upper section [7].

Torpedo Anchors (see Figure 1 – dynamically

installed anchors) – Torpedo anchors are classified as

dynamically installed anchors and are primarily used

in deep-water applications. Featuring a torpedo-like,

streamlined shape, they accelerate when dropped into

the water and penetrate the seabed upon impact,

embedding themselves without the need for additional

mechanical assistance. A key consideration in selecting

this type of anchor is conducting a seabed survey, as

torpedo anchors are most effective when deployed on

soft substrates [8].

Deadweight Anchor (see Figure 3) – Also classified

as dynamically installed anchors, deadweight anchors

are primarily used for the permanent anchorage of

offshore structures such as navigation buoys, docks, oil

platforms, and other installations requiring a stable,

immovable position. These anchors typically feature a

simple design and are made from heavy materials such

as concrete, steel, or reinforced concrete. Their shape

can vary, typically resembling a cube, cylinder, or other

219

basic forms, with mass being the key factor in ensuring

stability [9]. DEPLA Anchors (Dynamically

Embedded Plate Anchor) (see Figure 3) – Developed in

Western Australia, DEPLA is a hybrid anchor that

combines the features of plate anchors and

dynamically installed anchors. It does not require

additional machinery for installation and is highly

resistant to vertically directed forces. DEPLA anchors

are typically deployed at depths greater than 500

meters, reaching speeds of approximately 25 m/s upon

deployment, which allows them to embed into the

seabed to a depth up to three times their own length.

Due to its design, DEPLA can withstand very high

loads, making it an ideal solution for large and heavy

offshore structures. The plate anchor component

ensures exceptional stability, which is crucial in

variable and harsh marine conditions. It is suitable for

a wide range of seabed types, from sand to clay [10].

OMNI MAX Seabed Anchors (see Figure 3) – OMNI

MAX anchors belong to the category of gravity-

installed anchors and are considered among the most

efficient anchor types available today. They combine

the characteristics of dynamically installed anchors

and suction caissons, with the key difference being

their ability to withstand significant forces not only in

the vertical direction but also from any angle around

their axis. This feature provides a major advantage,

particularly in terms of durability and stability under

storm conditions, making them highly effective for

securing offshore structures in challenging marine

environments [11].

Helix Anchors (see Figure 1 and Figure 2) – A helix

anchor (also known as an auger or screw anchor)

consists of a steel, screw-like shaft with integrated

welded bearing plates, which is installed directly into

the seafloor. These anchors are suitable for a wide

range of substrate types [12]; however, both the

installation procedures and design configurations are

adapted to the specific characteristics of the underlying

material. Helical anchors are generally unsuitable for

harbor areas characterized by highly mobile sediments,

where prolonged exposure may result in the anchor

becoming uncovered over time. Helix anchors are

widely regarded as one of the most environmentally

sustainable types of seabed anchors due to their

minimal spatial footprint and negligible interference

with marine fauna [12]. They are significantly smaller

and lighter than alternative anchoring systems,

offering additional operational advantages.

Furthermore, according to engineering calculations, a

helix anchor drilled four meters into a sandy substrate

can withstand a torque of 20 to 50 tons, depending on

the sediment properties [13, 14].

3 SAFL ANCHOR SYSTEM DESIGN

In 2024, the Student Special Interest Group of

Underwater Research ‘SeaQuest,’ operating under the

Department of Navigation at the Maritime University

of Gdynia, received funding from the Ministry of

Science and Higher Education for the project titled

‘Innovative Anchoring System with Side-Deployable

Clamping Arms SAFL.’ The project, assigned the

number SKN/SP/602624/2024, is being carried out as

part of the ‘Student Circles Create Innovations’

program, based on an agreement dated May 14, 2024.

The project leader is Capt. Grzegorz Rutkowski, who is

also the supervisor of the Student Special Interest

Group ‘SeaQuest.’

4 SAFL CONCEPT

During a CMAS P3 diving course held in 2023 at Lake

Raduńskie, near the Stella Maris Resort in the village of

Sznurki in the Kashubia region, members of the

Student Special Interest Group of Underwater

Research ‘SeaQuest’ encountered a significant issue

with the mooring of small vessels. The prevailing

method involved the use of so-called ‘pigs’ (see Fig. 4,

right) – gravity-based anchors consisting of large

plastic buckets filled with concrete and placed on the

lakebed. However, these improvised anchors proved

ineffective in securing watercraft, as kayaks and other

small vessels frequently drifted away due to wind and

water currents. This instability not only caused

inconvenience for vessel operators, who had to

repeatedly reposition their boats, but also highlighted

the broader inefficiency of existing mooring solutions.

Recognizing the need for a more reliable anchoring

system, the research team was inspired to develop an

innovative bottom anchor design aimed at enhancing

stability and effectiveness in inland water mooring

applications.

After conducting market research on available

bottom anchors, it was found that there was a lack of

suitable solutions for anchoring and/or mooring small

surface vessels in both inland and marine waters. At

that point, our supervisor, Capt. Grzegorz Rutkowski,

proposed the development of innovative bottom

anchors (suction-ejector type) with side-deployable

clamping arms. These arms would increase the

anchor's holding power, enabling stable positioning of

small surface vessels and secure mooring to buoys.

The aim of the project was to develop and validate

the functionality of an innovative suction-ejector

seabed anchor, named SAFL (Suction Anchor with

extendable Fastening Legs). Once positioned in the

seabed substrate, where it is screwed in, driven,

embedded, or optionally covered with stones, gravel,

or sand, the SAFL anchor utilizes a hydro-ejector

system. This design allows for more effective mooring

of small surface vessels (such as boats, yachts, pedal

boats, etc.), floating navigational markers (e.g., in the

IALA buoyage system), as well as other surface and/or

underwater objects and ocean engineering devices,

including hydrometeorological measuring equipment,

fishing nets, and chemical barriers (e.g., oil spill

containment booms), keeping them securely anchored

in a stable position.

This led to the creation of a project under the same

name, assigned the number SKN/SP/602624/2024, as

part of the ‘Student Circles Create Innovations’

program. The program outlined the following

objectives for its implementation: (1) Conducting

development work aimed at creating an innovative

product. (2) Facilitating the transfer of the product to

the business sector and the socio-economic

environment. (3) Promoting the scientific development

of the circle members. (4) Acquiring basic diving

training skills necessary for testing the innovative

product in real-world conditions and for further

220

research activities. (5) Enhancing the quality of

research conducted by the scientific circle and

presenting the research results.

The project implementation period was set for 12

months, with the completion date scheduled for May

14, 2025. During this time, our group was tasked with

preparing the necessary technical documentation for

the SAFL devices, creating several prototypes of the

SAFL bottom anchors, and conducting water-based

strength tests on them.

5 PROTOTYPE DEVELOPMENT

After completing the basic diving training (P3 CMAS),

which our students underwent between May and June

2024, members of the Student Special Interest Group of

Underwater Research ‘SeaQuest’ produced the first 10

prototypes of the SAFL bottom anchors (see Fig. 4) and

deployed them in the bed of Lake Raduńskie. These

anchors were tested throughout the summer, from

May to September 2024, successfully securing various

surface vessels (an Omega-class sailboat, a pedal boat,

a kayak, and a rowboat) under different

hydrometeorological conditions (strong currents,

storms, squalls, and rain). This phase of the project is

now complete, and the use of SAFL bottom anchors has

yielded very promising results. All the anchors proved

to be highly stable and resistant to the

hydrometeorological disturbances present in the tested

water body.

Figure 4. On the left, the first prototypes of SAFL bottom

anchors anchored in the bottom of Lake Raduńskie in May

2024, used for mooring small watercraft at the Stella Maris

center in Kashubia. On the right side is the old gravity anchor

known as ‘pig’ (plastic bucket filled with concrete). Source:

Internal materials of NKBP ‘SeaQuest’ – May 2024.

6 NEXT PROJECTS AND PROTOTYPES OF

DEVICES

The main goal of the SAFL project is to create an

innovative product with a wide range of applications

in water transportation. The desired outcome is the

effective mooring of small surface vessels (such as

boats, yachts, pedal boats, kayaks, etc.), floating

navigational markers (such as buoys in the IALA

buoyage system), and other surface and/or underwater

hydrotechnical objects (such as floats, nets, and

measuring devices) in a stable position relative to the

seabed.

The SAFL bottom anchor was initially envisioned as

a screw-in type anchor, installed by screwing it into the

seabed using suction-ejector devices operated with the

assistance of divers. Once installed, it would be

embedded in the bottom of the water body (whether

sandy or muddy) or optionally covered with dredged

material (such as sand or gravel). This design aims to

keep the object in a stable anchoring position relative

to the seabed, even when subjected to various external

disturbances, particularly those caused by wind, water

currents, and waves. The hose exiting the pump on the

boat is connected to the SAFL anchor.

With the help of a diver, who positions the anchor

on the seabed while the pump is running and sucking

sand into the main body of the anchor, its interior is

filled. The design of the screw, featuring spirally

welded, sharp elements on the shaft (optionally, an

auger fixed to the bottom of the anchor), allows the

anchor to rotate around its own axis, causing the SAFL

anchor to embed itself into the seabed. Once the

screwing process is complete, the diver attaches a line

to secure the buoy to the anchor. The main body of the

anchor is filled with sand, preventing lateral

movement due to water currents and waves.

Meanwhile, the protruding parts of the anchor, shaped

in a streamlined manner, are sealed (for example, with

a valve or a wooden plug) to prevent upward

movement, thus ensuring that the anchor does not

escape from the seabed. In the sealed anchor, a vacuum

is created, keeping the anchor securely embedded in

the seabed. Projects of various SAFL bottom anchors

are shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5. From left: ‘Umbrella 1’ SAFL, ‘Umbrella 2’ SAFL,

SAFL Flange Anchor. Source: Internal Materials of the

Student Special Interest Group of Underwater Research

‘SeaQuest’.

The process of securing the ‘Umbrella 1’ SAFL

anchor requires a pump and a hose connected to the

anchor. Once placed on the seabed, the anchor, with

the assistance of a diver, sucks sand into its main body.

Dredged material (silt and sand) begins to flow into the

paddles of the propeller, weighing down the side

claws, which then start to open outward, increasing the

anchor's effective holding power in the seabed. As the

anchor’s weight increases due to the accumulation of

dredged material (silt and sand), the paddles and/or

side claws become more deeply embedded in the

seabed. A chain or, optionally, a line for securing

mooring buoys to small vessels is attached to the

securely positioned SAFL anchor. In this setup, the

paddles of the anchor help prevent horizontal

movement. Additionally, the ‘V’-shaped design of the

paddles and their embedding in the seabed are

intended to enhance the anchor's holding power and

protect it from pulling forces.

The ‘Umbrella 2’ SAFL anchor features

mechanically deployed claws activated by a screw

system. This design ensures the secure anchoring of

various objects, particularly in soft and unstable

substrates. Its construction draws inspiration from the

natural anchoring mechanisms of certain plants, which

spread their roots to maintain stability in the substrate

while withstanding various external disturbances. A

key advantage of the SAFL ‘Umbrella 2’ anchor is its

reusability. The screw mechanism allows for multiple

deployments and recoveries, making it highly effective

for repeated use. The anchoring and disanchoring

221

processes are relatively simple, and its versatility opens

up broad applications in fields such as hydraulic

engineering, sailing, diving, and research activities.

This anchor is likely to exhibit a high level of safety and

reliability, effectively withstanding external

disturbances caused by currents, wind, and waves.

The next prototype of the SAFL anchor incorporates

a flange located on the main shaft, near its stem. This

flange serves as a resistance element, significantly

enhancing the anchor's adhesion to the substrate (the

bottom of the water body). The anchoring process is

facilitated by a suction or fire-fighting pump connected

via a hose to the anchor, allowing for the suction of

bottom sediment (mud and sand) to fill the area around

the anchor and its side claws, as well as the resistance

flange. This ensures the substrate enters the flange's

interior.

The external parts of the flange extend in all four

directions. When filled with sand, the flange prevents

vertical movement, effectively stopping the anchor

from being pulled upward from the seabed. A key

advantage of the SAFL Flange anchor is its high

resistance to forces attempting to dislodge it from the

substrate. The anchoring setup concludes with a chain

or line connecting the SAFL Flange anchor to a floating

mooring buoy. This design offers robust resistance

against dislodgement, thanks to the shape of the

resistance flange, which also reduces the anchor's

susceptibility to rotation under heavy loads.

7 FINAL PROJECT AND PROTOTYPE

During the course of the project, prototypes of the

‘Umbrella 1,’ ‘Umbrella 2,’ and ‘SAFL Flange Anchor’

were constructed with modified designs, primarily by

extending their length to facilitate installation. These

prototypes are shown in Figure 6. However, empirical

testing revealed significant inefficiencies, particularly

related to installation difficulties, such as considerable

resistance during installation, which made them less

practical for field applications.

During the testing, the research team also assessed

the holding capacity of the prototype ‘SAFL Screw-In

Anchor’. This anchor, featuring a design similar to that

of a helix anchor, proved to be easy to install. It consists

of a hollow tube and an interchangeable auger,

allowing for the testing of multiple variants with

different auger diameters. Augers with larger

diameters were relatively difficult to screw into the

ground, as they tended to displace and churn up the

surrounding soil rather than penetrate it efficiently. In

contrast, anchors equipped with smaller-diameter

augers demonstrated holding capacities of several

hundred kilograms.

Consequently, due to the installation difficulties

encountered with the ‘Umbrella 1’, ‘Umbrella 2’, and

‘SAFL Flange Anchor’, further development shifted

towards the anchor depicted in Figure 6, labelled as 'f'.

This anchor effectively combines the beneficial

attributes of suction caisson anchors and helix anchors

(see Fig. 7) and was proven to be highly effective

during the first test conducted in Lake Raduńskie in

May 2024.

Figure 6. Prototypes of SAFL bottom anchors; a – prototype

of ‘Umbrella 1’ anchor, b – prototype of ‘Umbrella 2’ anchor,

c – initial prototype of ‘SAFL Screw-In Anchor’, d and e –

prototypes of ‘SAFL Flange Anchor’, f – prototype of ‘SAFL

Screw-In Suction Anchor’. Source: Internal materials of

Student Special Interest Group of Underwater Research

‘SeaQuest’ - January 2025.

Figure 7. From left: Suction Caisson, Helix Anchor, SAFL

Screw-In Suction Anchor prototypes. Source: Own study

based on [4, 12, 13, 14], internal materials of Student Special

Interest Group of Underwater Research SeaQuest.

The new anchor design effectively combines the

advantages of suction caisson and helix anchors by

integrating a suction-assisted installation method with

a helical embedding mechanism. This approach

ensures rapid and precise placement, akin to helix

anchors, while providing high holding capacity and

resistance to both vertical and lateral forces—

characteristics typically associated with suction

caissons. The suction feature facilitates smooth

penetration into the seabed without excessive force,

allowing for accurate positioning. Meanwhile, the

helical component firmly anchors into the substrate,

enhancing stability and resistance to external

disturbances such as currents, waves, and wind-driven

loads. The research team continues to refine the project

to optimize the anchor’s performance and aims for the

final prototype to be eligible for patent protection.

8 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

The first SAFL anchor prototypes showed promising

results during initial tests conducted in 2024, which

directly led to the development of new, refined models

and the ongoing enhancement of the original project

concept. These positive outcomes continue to inspire

our research team, fuelling further innovation and

optimization. Currently, we are conducting tests to

evaluate the holding capacity and reliability of the

latest anchor designs, with the goal of completing this

phase by May 2025. Detailed test results and analyses

will be published in future studies. Ultimately, our goal

is to secure patent protection for our innovative

anchoring solution, laying a strong foundation for its

practical applications in maritime and offshore

engineering.

222

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Student Special Interest Group of Underwater Research

‘SeaQuest’ would like to express our sincere gratitude to the

reviewers for their thoughtful evaluations, valuable

comments, and the time they dedicated to reviewing our

work. ‘SeaQuest’ is currently involved in the research project

No. SKN/SP/602624/2024, titled ‘Innovative Anchoring

System with Side-Deployable Clamping Arms SAFL,’ which

was submitted as part of the ‘Student Circles Create

Innovations’ competition organized by the Ministry of

Science and Higher Education. We hope that this new project

will receive additional financial support, enabling us to

continue our research efforts on the SAFL project (Suction

Anchor with Extendable Fastening Legs) as well as on other

ongoing projects such as the flexible diving bell Batychron

[18], the mobile underwater diving support base (MUDS

base) [15, 16, 17], the mobile electromagnetic mooring system

(MEMS) [19], and several other initiatives. These projects

have the potential to greatly benefit marine transport

systems, particularly in underwater operations for

exploratory and tourist diving, all while ensuring life safety

and the protection of the marine environment.

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actions against the effects of decompression”.

Czasopismo: Scientific Journal of Gdynia Maritime

University, 2023 (no. 125), s. 54-65,

[https://sj.umg.edu.pl/sites/default/files/SJ_125_04.pdf].

p-ISSN: 2657-5841. e-ISSN: 2657-6988. DOI:

10.26408/125.04. Projekt/grant: Projekt badawczy No.

SKN/SP/535575/2022 called MUDS Base - the Mobile

Underwater Diving Support Base.

[17] Rutkowski G., Bożek A. (2023): „Risk assessment while

maneuvering a loaded bulk carrier in close proximity to a

vessel performing underwater work”. Czasopismo:

TransNav - The International Journal on Marine

Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation, 2023, vol. 17

(no. 1), s. 77-83,

[https://www.transnav.eu/Article_Risk_Assessment_Wh

ile_Maneuvering_Rutkowski,65,1277.html], p-ISSN:

2083-6473, e-ISSN: 2083-6481, DOI:

10.12716/1001.17.01.07. TransNav 2023 the

15thInternational Conference on Marine Navigation and

Safety of Sea Transportation. 21-23 June 2023, Gdynia,

Poland. Website: [https://transnav2023.umg.edu.pl/].

Projekt badawczy No. SKN/SP/535575/2022 called MUDS

Base - the Mobile Underwater Diving Support Base.

[18] Rutkowski G., Kosiek J., Nasur J. (2022), Analysis of the

Batychron research project, PL: Analiza projektu

badawczego o nazwie Batychron, Zeszyty Naukowe

Uniwersytetu Morskiego w Gdyni, ScientificJournal of

Gdynia Maritime University ISSN 2657-6988 (online)

ISSN 2657-5841 (printed) DOI: 10.26408, No. 121/2022,

March 2022, pp. 20-27 Website:

[https://sj.umg.edu.pl/issues], Punktacja MNiSW= 40 pkt,

współautorzy studentami UMG działającymi w NKBP

SeaQuest.

[19] P. Kolakowski, G. Rutkowski, and Andrzej Lebkowski,

“Ships-To-Ship Magnetic Mooring Systems – The New

Perspectives,” TransNav the International Journal on

Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation, vol.

17, no. 4, pp. 841–851, Jan. 2023, doi:

https://doi.org/10.12716/1001.17.04.10.