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1 INTRODUCTION

Maritime piracy remains one of the most serious

threats to global trade, maritime security, and the

stability of national economies [1]. This phenomenon,

deeply rooted in history, has not lost its significance in

the 21st century despite technological advances and

international efforts to ensure maritime safety [2].

Pirates attack commercial vessels, tankers, and even

passenger ships, demanding ransom or stealing

valuable cargo. Their actions not only cause direct

financial losses but also undermine the stability of

regions dependent on international trade and

endanger the lives and safety of crew members [3].

Currently, maritime piracy is especially active in

regions such as the Strait of Malacca, the Gulf of

Guinea, the waters off the coast of Somalia, and the

South China Sea [4]. In these areas, pirates employ both

traditional attack methods and modern technologies,

making their operations increasingly complex and

difficult to detect [5]. They often operate in groups,

using fast motorboats and firearms to attack vessels

and force crews to surrender [6].

To counter these threats, various security measures

are implemented [7]. These include military patrols,

enhanced ship protection by private companies, and

the implementation of modern monitoring and alert

systems, such as the Ship Security Alert System (SSAS)

[8]. International organizations such as the UN, the

IMO, and regional bodies like the African Union also

collaborate on developing joint strategies and legal

frameworks to combat maritime piracy [9].

Nevertheless, maritime piracy remains a serious

challenge that requires further improvements in

prevention effectiveness, the development of new

protection technologies, and better cooperation among

states and international organizations [10]. Combating

this phenomenon is a key element in ensuring the

The Application of Blockchain Technology

in Combating Maritime Piracy: Potential Benefits

and Challenges

S. Rozbiewska

Maritime University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland

ABSTRACT: Maritime piracy remains a persistent threat to global trade and maritime security, demanding

innovative countermeasures. This paper explores the potential of blockchain technology as a transformative tool

in enhancing maritime safety and combating piracy. With its decentralized, transparent, and tamper-resistant

architecture, blockchain offers significant advantages in tracking vessels and cargo in real time, securing transport

documentation, and automating processes through smart contracts. The study highlights real-world applications

such as TradeLens, CargoX, Guardtime, and VeChain, which illustrate the technology’s utility in strengthening

maritime logistics and anti-piracy efforts. Despite these benefits, the paper also addresses key implementation

challenges, including the lack of standardized protocols, high initial costs, integration difficulties with legacy

systems, and the need for international collaboration. Ultimately, the article argues that while blockchain is not a

panacea, it holds substantial promise as a strategic asset in the fight against maritime piracy.

http://www.transnav.eu

the International Journal

on Marine Navigation

and Safety of Sea Transportation

Volume 20

Number 1

March 2026

DOI: 10.12716/1001.20.01.21

204

security of maritime routes that are vital to the global

economy.

Blockchain technology emerges as an innovative

tool in maritime transport to address the challenges of

maritime piracy. Blockchain is a technology that has

gained immense popularity in recent years, mainly due

to the rise of cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin [11].

However, its potential goes far beyond the financial

sector. Blockchain is a distributed data ledger that

provides security, transparency, and immutability of

records [12]. Unlike traditional systems that rely on a

central authority (e.g., a bank or financial institution),

blockchain enables the storage and exchange of data

without intermediaries, forming the foundation of its

innovativeness [12].

2 BLOCKCHAIN AS AN INNOVATIVE TOOL IN

MARITIME TRANSPORT

The key features of blockchain technology—

decentralization, transparency, and security—make it

applicable across various industries [13]. Blockchain

operates on a network of computers that collectively

store and verify data. As a result, there is no single

central point that could be attacked or removed. Each

transaction is recorded across multiple nodes, ensuring

resilience to failures and tampering. Moreover,

transactions stored on the blockchain are publicly

accessible and cannot be altered once approved. This

feature allows for full verification of transaction

histories and ensures the reliability and accuracy of the

data. Every record in the blockchain is protected by

advanced cryptographic algorithms, making it highly

resistant to cyberattacks. Data tampering becomes

virtually impossible, ensuring a high level of security.

In the context of maritime transport, blockchain is

gaining significance as a tool that can revolutionize

supply chain management by providing greater

efficiency, security, and transparency in processes [14].

In traditional logistics systems, transactions and

documents must pass through numerous

intermediaries—such as agents, banks, or customs

officers—which increases the risk of errors, delays, and

fraud [15]. Blockchain eliminates the need for

intermediaries, allowing for secure and automated

direct data exchanges between parties [13].

In maritime transport, blockchain can be used for

documentation management, cargo tracking, and

process automation [16]. Maritime shipping involves a

large number of documents (contracts, invoices,

certificates of origin, health certificates, etc.) that must

be shared among various stakeholders. Due to

blockchain, these documents can be stored

electronically, with a guarantee that they cannot be

altered or forged. Blockchain also enables precise

tracking of each shipment at every stage of transport.

This makes it possible to achieve full transparency,

which enhances logistics management efficiency and

allows for quicker responses to any problems. By

utilizing smart contracts, blockchain enables automatic

execution of transactions and fulfillment of contractual

conditions reliably. For example, once a ship arrives at

port and delivery is confirmed, payment for the

transport can be automatically processed.

Introducing blockchain technology into maritime

transport can significantly reduce operational costs,

accelerate logistics processes, improve efficiency, and

lower the risks associated with fraud or administrative

errors. This innovative approach can also enhance

maritime security by enabling better control over

vessel movements and their cargo—an important step

in minimizing threats and improving protection in the

context of maritime piracy.

3 BLOCKCHAIN AND DATA SECURITY IN

MARITIME TRANSPORT

Although blockchain technology was originally

developed with cryptocurrencies in mind, it is finding

increasingly widespread application across various

industries, including maritime transport. Its unique

features—decentralization, transparency, and

security—can serve as key tools in ensuring safe and

efficient data management related to maritime

logistics. Particularly in the area of data security and

protection against maritime piracy, blockchain can

play a crucial role by transforming the way ships,

cargo, and logistics processes are monitored.

3.1 Secure Tracking of Ships and Cargo

One of the most significant applications of blockchain

in maritime transport is the ability to create reliable,

immutable records concerning the location of vessels,

their cargo, and their status in real time [17]. With

blockchain systems, every movement of a ship—from

the moment cargo is loaded to its delivery at the

destination—is recorded on a distributed ledger

accessible to all stakeholders involved in the transport

process [17]. Crucially, records on the blockchain are

resistant to tampering and forgery, since every change

requires consensus across the entire computer network

[17].

Real-time cargo tracking can significantly enhance

security, especially in the context of maritime piracy. In

cases where pirates seize control of a vessel, blockchain

provides full verification of the ship’s route, which

may aid in the swift recovery of both the ship and its

cargo [18]. Every movement is documented in a way

that prevents later manipulation, meaning that

information about loading, routes, stopovers, and any

irregularities during transport is available in real time

and forms a solid basis for initiating rescue operations

[18].

3.2 Securing Logistics Processes in the Context of

Maritime Piracy

In maritime transport, logistics processes are especially

vulnerable to errors, fraud, and inconsistencies in

documentation[19]. Traditionally, documents such as

shipping contracts, invoices, certificates of origin, or

health certificates are exchanged between various

parties through conventional systems, which may be

prone to manipulation or delays. Blockchain can

ensure full verifiability and reliability of these

documents.

By using blockchain, transport documents such as

bills of lading, quality certificates, and authenticity

205

certificates can be stored in a tamper-proof and

transparent manner [19]. Each document is recorded in

the blockchain system and assigned to a specific

transaction or shipping unit [19]. This ensures that all

parties involved in the logistics process—carriers,

freight forwarders, customs agents, ports—have access

to the same, verified, and secure information in real

time [19].

Such security measures can be critical in the context

of maritime piracy. Pirates often exploit

documentation gaps to hijack vessels. When

documents are stored on the blockchain, any attempt

to alter data (e.g., about cargo or destination) is

immediately detected and recorded, helping to prevent

illegal seizures. Transparency in logistics processes

supported by blockchain reduces the risk of fraud,

errors, and simplifies dispute resolution ("Maritime

Logistics in the Baltic – Challenges in a Changing

World", 2025).

4 EXAMPLES OF BLOCKCHAIN APPLICATIONS

IN MARITIME TRANSPORT

Transformations in maritime logistics—particularly in

the areas of supply chain management, cargo

monitoring, protection against piracy, and data

security—are becoming possible due to the

introduction of this innovative technology. Blockchain

enables the creation of systems that eliminate

intermediaries, enhance transparency, and automate

processes, resulting in more efficient management of

maritime transport

4.1 Real-Time Cargo Tracking and Ship Monitoring –

TradeLens (Maersk and IBM)

TradeLens is a project developed by Maersk and IBM

aimed at ensuring full transparency of the supply chain

[20]. With blockchain technology, it is possible to track

cargo in real time [21]. The system allows

participants—including cargo owners, port operators,

and carriers—to access the same, up-to-date database,

which eliminates documentation errors and increases

the efficiency of logistics processes [22]. Blockchain

ensures that every ship and cargo movement is

recorded on an immutable ledger, enabling strict real-

time monitoring of their location and condition. In

traditional logistics systems, shipment information is

often scattered across different entities, leading to

delays, errors, and data manipulation [21].

4.2 Transport Documentation Management and Cargo

Authenticity – CargoX [23]

In maritime transport, processes related to

documenting goods—such as shipping evidence,

certificates of origin, and quality certificates—are key

to ensuring the legality and safety of transportation.

Blockchain can be used to store these documents

securely, independently of central databases,

eliminating the risk of manipulation or loss. CargoX is

a blockchain-based platform that facilitates secure

exchange of transport documents, such as the Bill of

Lading (B/L) [23]. Through blockchain, these

documents are protected from forgery and enable fast,

secure transmission of information between parties

(carriers, importers, exporters) without the need for

intermediaries. This platform enhances the efficiency

and security of maritime transport, eliminating

unnecessary delays and costs related to traditional

document circulation.

4.3 Protection Against Maritime Piracy – Guardtime

Guardtime has developed a blockchain-based solution

that supports cargo security management and real-

time monitoring of shipment status [25]. With

blockchain, it is not only possible to track cargo but also

ensure that no data related to a ship’s route has been

altered. Blockchain also facilitates quicker responses to

pirate attacks by allowing immediate verification of a

vessel’s location and cargo status [24]. As a result,

shipping companies can take swift and appropriate

actions to minimize losses associated with piracy.

4.4 Process Automation Through Smart Contracts –

VeChain

Smart contracts are self-executing contracts that

operate on the blockchain [26]. In maritime transport,

they can automate various processes such as payment

execution for cargo transport, activation of security

systems, and automatic status updates for cargo.

VeChain is a blockchain platform that enables the

automation of many logistics processes using smart

contracts [27]. For example, it can automatically trigger

payment for cargo transport upon delivery to the port

[28]. The system can also monitor cargo quality (e.g., in

the case of food or pharmaceuticals) and automatically

verify the compliance of transport documents [29]. Due

to VeChain, maritime transport becomes more

transparent and efficient, minimizing the risk of fraud

and delays [30].

5 POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF USING

BLOCKCHAIN TO COMBAT MARITIME

PIRACY

Maritime piracy poses a serious threat to global

transport and maritime security, leading to cargo

losses and endangering the lives of crew members. In

response to this threat, blockchain technology—with

its unique features such as decentralization,

transparency, and security—has the potential to

become a key tool in providing effective protection

against maritime piracy. One of the critical elements in

combating maritime piracy is the ability to effectively

track the location of ships and cargo in real time.

Blockchain, due to its capability to record data in an

immutable way, allows for monitoring every

movement of a vessel—from loading to final delivery.

A blockchain-based system ensures that location data

of vessels is transparently available and verifiable by

all involved parties, including shipowners, port

operators, maritime authorities, and relevant

government agencies. Pirates often exploit a lack of

information or manipulated transport documentation

to seize control of a vessel. The transparency of

blockchain-stored data ensures that every ship

movement is accurately documented, which makes

hijacking more difficult and guarantees immediate

206

access to location data in the event of an attack. When

pirates attack a ship, access to reliable, immutable data

allows for rapid localization of the vessel and

immediate alerting of the relevant authorities,

shortening reaction time and improving the

effectiveness of rescue operations.

In maritime transport, documentation such as the

Bill of Lading, certificates of origin for goods, health

certificates for crew, and customs documents is

extremely important. These documents are often

targeted for forgery and manipulation, which can lead

to questions about the legality of the cargo and, in cases

of piracy, allow pirates to exploit the system.

Blockchain allows for the secure storage and

transmission of these documents in a tamper-proof and

transparent manner. Documents stored on the

blockchain are immutable and clearly accessible. In the

event of a hijacking, the inability to modify documents

becomes a barrier that hinders data manipulation and

enables quick detection of irregularities. Using

blockchain to store documents guarantees the

authenticity of cargo and its transportation history.

Each document is tied to a specific transaction or

shipment unit, eliminating the risk of fraud involving

the handling of illegal or stolen goods.

Blockchain also enables the use of smart contracts

that automatically execute contractual conditions once

predefined criteria are met. In the context of maritime

piracy, smart contracts can monitor safety conditions

for ships, crews, and cargo. For example, upon a

vessel's arrival at port, not only can transport payment

be automatically triggered, but so can processes for

verifying cargo and crew security. Blockchain can

verify whether the cargo complies with all required

certifications and documentation. As a result,

transport-related processes become more secure, and

the risk of transporting illegal or dangerous goods is

minimized.

Smart contracts can include provisions regarding

crew protection against piracy, such as activating

alarm systems, video surveillance, or initiating rapid

response protocols in dangerous situations. As a

decentralized technology, blockchain ensures that all

data related to transactions and ship movements are

stored across multiple nodes in the network. This

structure offers high resistance to tampering, since any

attempt to alter data must be approved by the entire

network. In the context of piracy, this allows for a

system in which information about ship location,

cargo, and technical condition is secure and resistant to

forgery. Pirates may attempt to disrupt traditional

monitoring systems through cyberattacks, but

blockchain is resistant to such threats because changing

data at a single network point requires the consensus

of the majority of participants—rendering

manipulation virtually impossible.

Due to its decentralized nature, blockchain enables

all supply chain participants to access the same, up-to-

date, and verified information on transport status. This

ensures full control over the process and enables real-

time responses to any irregularities, including piracy-

related threats. Blockchain’s global reach allows for

cooperation between countries, international

organizations, and shipping companies to ensure

maritime safety. Due to the transparency and security

of this technology, it is possible to establish shared

platforms where all involved entities can exchange

information about piracy threats and coordinate

responses.

Blockchain supports the creation of shared

databases containing information on pirate incidents,

high-risk shipping routes, and suspicious activities.

Such a system enables faster data exchange between

countries and international bodies. With access to

location data and cargo status, rescue operations can be

more quickly and accurately coordinated in the event

of a pirate attack.

6 CHALLENGES IN IMPLEMENTING

BLOCKCHAIN TO COMBAT MARITIME

PIRACY

Despite the numerous benefits that blockchain

technology may offer in terms of maritime transport

security and piracy prevention, its implementation in

this field presents several challenges. These range from

technological issues to legal barriers and international

cooperation difficulties. Implementing blockchain to

combat maritime piracy requires overcoming multiple

obstacles. One of the main challenges is the lack of

unified standards that could ensure interoperability

between different blockchain systems. Various

companies, organizations, and institutions may use

different blockchain solutions, resulting in difficulties

in data exchange and collaboration across supply chain

participants. Maritime transport involves many

stakeholders—shipowners, ports, logistics companies,

customs agencies, and maritime authorities—who

might operate on incompatible blockchain platforms.

The absence of standardized protocols may hinder the

exchange of information on ship locations, cargo, or

transport documentation, thereby reducing the

system’s overall efficiency. Integrating blockchain with

traditional systems already in use in the transport

industry (e.g., fleet management systems, logistics

platforms) can be both costly and complex. Introducing

new technologies into existing infrastructures requires

significant financial investment and time. Although

blockchain promises long-term benefits such as

reduced operational costs and enhanced security, the

initial implementation costs can be considerable. These

include not only the development of blockchain

infrastructure but also staff training and system

integration efforts. Deploying blockchain in maritime

transport entails the purchase of suitable equipment,

software, and the hiring of IT specialists, all of which

can involve substantial expenditure. For smaller

companies or developing countries, such investments

may be financially burdensome. The implementation

process of blockchain in maritime transport can be

time-consuming and may require adjustments in

various areas, including legal regulations, operational

procedures, and IT systems. This may delay the

realization of benefits promised by the technology.

Successful blockchain implementation in maritime

transport demands cooperation among many different

stakeholders—shipowners, ports, customs agencies,

international organizations, logistics companies, and

government bodies. Transitioning to a blockchain-

based system requires coordinated efforts and mutual

understanding among all involved parties. Countries

and companies with varying levels of technological

207

advancement may face difficulties in adopting new

solutions. Developing nations may struggle to invest in

blockchain, while some companies may resist change.

The scale of implementing blockchain in maritime

transport demands extensive global collaboration.

Reaching consensus on common standards, data

exchange protocols, and implementation

methodologies can be challenging and time-

consuming.

7 CONCLUSIONS

The contemporary application of blockchain

technology in combating maritime piracy appears to be

a significant issue, focusing on both its potential

benefits and the challenges related to its

implementation. Maritime piracy remains one of the

primary threats to the security of global maritime

transport, endangering not only crew members’ lives

but also the stability of economies. Despite

technological progress, this phenomenon continues to

pose serious challenges, particularly in regions such as

the Strait of Malacca, the Gulf of Guinea, and the South

China Sea.

Due to its transparency, decentralization, and

resistance to tampering, blockchain technology is an

innovative tool that can revolutionize supply chain

management in maritime transport. This technology

enables secure real-time tracking of vessel and cargo

locations, allowing for quicker responses in the event

of pirate attacks. Additionally, blockchain enables the

storage of transport documentation in a manner that

prevents unauthorized alterations or forgery,

significantly reducing the risk of fraud.

Moreover, blockchain supports process automation

through the use of smart contracts, which allow for the

safe execution of transactions, such as payment

processing or the activation of security systems. These

solutions can also contribute to the protection of ship

crews by enabling quicker and more effective

responses in the event of a piracy threat.

Although blockchain technology offers many

advantages in terms of maritime security, its

implementation is associated with numerous

challenges. These include the lack of unified standards,

high initial costs, difficulties in integrating with

existing systems, and the complexity of achieving

international cooperation. Implementing blockchain in

maritime transport requires coordinated efforts among

multiple stakeholders, which can be complex and time-

consuming.

In summary, blockchain technology has the

potential to become a key tool in the fight against

maritime piracy, offering new possibilities in terms of

monitoring, automation, and protection against fraud.

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