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1 INTRODUCTION

The advent of Automation in Maritime Surface Ships

(MASS), the rapid adoption of big data, The Internet of

Things (IoT), and artificial intelligence have caused

developmental leaps and novel paradigm changes in

the maritime industry.

AMOSUP, as the significant labor supply union for

the international fleet, has to ensure that its current and

prospective members/seafarers are abreast with

modern development. In contrast, prospective

members/cadets should be well grounded on the

fundamental principles of the fourth industrial

revolution. They can manifest competence in working

at the operational level onboard automated ships or

ashore, supporting operating such ships.

MAAP, in the furtherance of its vision, mission,

goals, and objectives, is providing the requirements of

AMOSUP by pursuing a relevant, dynamic, and

relentless innovation strategy in order to ensure its lead

in the world's maritime labor supply market and also

create a niche for competent Filipino Merchant marine

Professionals.

As a leading institution in maritime education and

training, MAAP cannot sit on its “laurels," conduct

"usual business," or even hope to go back to the "old

normal." Given the tight competition with other labor

supply countries vying for the diminishing seafaring

jobs aboard a ship, MAAP has to anticipate and

understand the changes in the industry, adapt to the

new models and processes, and prepare for the

implementation of new methods/equipment/courses

Digital Twin Technology in Maritime: A MAAP

Innovation Strategy

A. Baylon & E.M.R. Santos

Maritime Academy of Asia and the Pacific, Mariveles Bataan, Philippines

ABSTRACT: Following the fourth industrial revolution and recent advances in information and communication

technologies, the digital twinning concept is attracting the attention of maritime academia and the maritime

industry worldwide. A digital twin is a representation in digital form of a physical item, thing, or system: a vessel,

a car, a wind turbine, a power grid, a pipeline, or equipment such as a thruster or an engine. One of the key

initiatives at the MAAP is to apply Digital Twin technology in the development of MASS (Maritime Autonomous

Surface Ship), e-navigation, ship engine room management, training, and validation of operational concepts

associated with smart and autonomous ships. To this end, the progress realized in adapting and exploring digital

twin (DT) technologies at MAAP will be presented. In particular, the Kognitwin technology system (a Digital

Twin system) developed by Kongsberg Maritime and other systems applicable to decision-making that ensure

cost-effective, safer, and sustainable operations will be described. The focus will be placed on using digital twin

technology in some of the grey areas: Optimization of Fleet with Virtual Transition of Ship Control System,

Enhancing the Port and Terminal Operations, Awareness Situation about Operational Parameters, End-To-End

Supply Chain Optimization, Amplified Security Ensuring Safety and Better vessel design and operation.

http://www.transnav.eu

the International Journal

on Marine Navigation

and Safety of Sea Transportation

Volume 19

Number 4

December 2025

DOI: 10.12716/1001.19.04.21

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through collaboration with the industry and

cooperation within the Academy.

The digital twinning concept is one of the recent

advances in information and communication

technologies, attracting the attention of maritime

academia and the maritime industry worldwide. A

digital twin is a representation in digital form of a

physical item, thing, or system: a vessel, a car, a wind

turbine, a power grid, a pipeline, or equipment such as

a thruster or an engine. One of the key initiatives at the

MAAP is to apply Digital Twin technology in the

development of MASS (Maritime Autonomous Surface

Ship), e-navigation, ship engine room management,

training, and validation of operational concepts

associated with intelligent and autonomous ships. To

this end, MAAP partners with Kongsberg Digital to

explore and realize the adoption of digital twin (DT)

technologies at MAAP, particularly the Kognitwin

technology system (a Digital Twin system) developed

by Kongsberg Maritime along with other systems

applicable to decision-making to ensure cost-effective,

safer and sustainable operations. The focus will be

placed on using digital twin technology in some of the

grey areas: Fleet Optimization with Virtual

Transition of Ship Control System, Enhancing the Port

and Terminal Operations, Awareness Situation

concerning Operational Parameters, End-To-End

Supply Chain Optimization, Amplified Security

Ensuring Safety and Better vessel design and

operation. This paper also presents the significant

basics of digital twinning followed by in what way it

may improve the decision-making of MAAP for the

maritime sector, such as ports and others in the

shipping ecosystem, and in developing standards that

will support the integration of transport supply chain

operations and the optimization of digital twins for

operational enhancement and strategic planning.

2 METHODOLOGY

This paper utilized descriptive research using the

following data collection methods: observation,

interview, internet, literature searches, and content

analysis.

3 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS

3.1 Decision Making based on models

Decision-making is the central activity of all

organizations, and decision-makers use causal models

and decide based on the effects of the interventions.

Decision-making is typically improved by openly

sharing decision models with others and then

calibrating the data from the vast and growing Internet

of Things (IoT). The quality of data (real-time data for

model building and reality assessment) used for

calibration will determine the value of the decision

model. The problem with interventions is that some do

not work and might harm the subjects, such as

infrastructural investments for a port below the

intended return. The most rigorous approach to

decision-making is to build a high-fidelity

mathematical model, or digital twin, of the concerned

environment and to simulate varied interventions and

exploration of counterfactuals, such as what if we did

A instead of B.

What is good about having models is that they do

not physically harm people or the environment.

Instead, models provide a theoretical foundation for

decision-making for future sustainable maritime

business operations. There are three methods or

techniques. One is to build a theory from data. Second,

to test a theory by building a theory in one or more real

settings through interventions. Third, to test a theory

several times using a digital twin to simulate many

probable settings is best because it is safer and most

effective.

Digital twins require building a detailed set of

equations for each component in the model and the

collaboration of these components. Data are needed in

the operation and will be calibrated. Once the digital

transformation proceeds, the required data needed to

calibrate digital twins of the various components of a

ship, including elements of the transport

infrastructure, like the goods being transported, will be

created. In the maritime sector, “emerging

opportunities exist to digitally represent and simulate

objects and events prior to decision-making” [1].

As more devices are linked, such as innovative

MAAP training vessels with data generated by

different routine or procedure cases (e.g., completed

transport time, deviation signals, and organization

operation associated with vessel activities and

processes) [2]. Digital data streams built upon shared

standardized data will provide opportunities for real-

time representation and simulation of realistic

situations. The Digital twins will displace simulation

models because of the improved representation of the

physical world and the recalibration via digital data

streams to local conditions.

3.2 Digital Twins

A digital twin is a replica in digital form of a living or

non-living physical entity. Data is provided by

combining the physical and the virtual world, enabling

the virtual entity to exist simultaneously as the

physical entity. Digital Twins presents a virtual model

of a physical ship, producing valuable insights from

data. A digital twin duplicates physical items that can

be utilized for varied purposes. This digital

representation shows how an Internet of Things (IoT)

device works and lives throughout its life cycle. There

is no need for a physical test cycle because the

processes are presented digitally,

A digital twin represents a physical model in the

form of a digital. By joining the simulated physical and

virtual worlds, one can analyze the data and monitor

the system, avoiding unwanted results, decreasing

downtime, finding opportunities, and being ready for

the future. The digital twin's technology has advanced

to handle more items like buildings, machinery, and

even vessels, and perhaps in the future, would include

people having their digital twins, further broadening

the idea. The technology can modernize and optimize

shipbuilding or highly specialized systems requiring

continual inspection and repair. Digital twin

technology, including manufacturing, can alter

virtually any organization's companies and objects.

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The digital twin integrates all data and simulations

obtained during the subject's lifespan. Theoretically,

unlimited processes can be accomplished within the

digital twin environment.

A digital twin is a representation in a digital form of

an item or a system that describes its characteristics

and properties as a set of equations. It uniquely

describes a person, product, or environment's key

characteristics and properties in a binary format and

can be made in one or more physical or digital spaces

(2). Complex processes involving many actors

challenge decision-making environments best

modeled digitally before action. A digital twin includes

the hardware to gather and analyze data and the use of

software for data representation and manipulation.

Digital twins are more powerful than simulations and

models because they control digital data streams to

extend across the obstacles between the physical object

and its principal. Digital twin analytics depend on

historical data and real-time digital data streams (e.g.,

IoT-generated data to analyze possible outcomes

(Figure 1). A digital twin is a generic situation model

that can be customized to a specific situation by

specifying relevant parameters to answer "what

develops if …" or "what develops if this does not …" to

support decision-making.

Figure 1. The compositions of a digital twin [1]

A digital twin is a representation in digital form of

physical items, things, or systems: a vessel, a vehicle, a

wind turbine, a power grid, a pipeline, or equipment

such as a thruster or an engine. It can contain various

digital models and collections of information and

processes related to this object. By integrating real-time

digital data streams, a digital twin can be continuously

calibrated through its entire lifecycle (3). This means

that a model can be continually refined to converge to

a very high-fidelity model of reality.

3.3 Standards to Support Digital Twins

Traditionally, data modeling is used to come up to the

surface of the center composition within a standard

and to safeguard compatibility across standards. This

has been followed by efforts to define standardized

interfaces for communication, so-called APIs

(Application Protocol Interfaces). It is accepted that

data have two roles: processing the transaction and

analyzing the data; both are done by digital twin

technology. Hence, standardized digital data streams

using standardized APIs must support a digital twin.

There is a need to redesign business processes to

support the generation of IoT-derived data necessary

for digital twin creation and operation to become

powerful tools for risk management analysis,

mitigation, and effective decision-making aids.

Standardization bodies like UN/CEFACT, GS1, WCO,

and DCSA have developed varied building blocks like

the Smart Container data model of UN/CEFACT and

the connectivity infrastructure of DCSA IoT. Extra

standards are still needed to prepare for the era of the

digital twins. Standards must serve both today's

transactions and the digital twins of the future.

3.4 Importance of Digital Twins

A digital twin can simulate the ship's performance

without testing it in the real world. This concept also

allows access to every bit of ship information, from

engine performance to hull integrity, available at a

glance throughout the whole lifetime of the vessel.

During operation, using a virtual model, such as the

digital twin, provides an excellent opportunity to

visualize all essential components, conduct analyses,

and improve the operation of a ship's structural and

functional components. Using digital twins, operators

can plan for preventive measures, avoid damages, and

perform better inspections, maintenance, and

evaluation of the ship's performance. Operators can

develop a ship's visual models and intrinsic systems,

such as engine specifications, and continuously record

its fuel consumption, distributed on energy sources

like boilers, engines, and batteries. Other results could

be simulation and analytical models prepared to

generate the maximum fuel consumption for a trip

with a particular cargo, including external factors like

wind, current, and weather conditions. Some areas for

potential improvements that a digital twin can

calculate are:

− Optimal operation of machinery systems

− Optimal retrofit of batteries, more efficient

thrusters, bulbs, and others

− Clean-performing hull or propeller

− Verify ship performance on a detailed level.

− Visualize the effect of design choices and changes.

− Benchmark performance towards other ves-sels in

the fleet.

3.5 Kongsberg Maritime and Kognitwin

Kongsberg Maritime is a Norwegian technology

enterprise within the Kongsberg Gruppen. Kongsberg

Maritime delivers positioning, surveying, navigation,

and automation systems to merchant vessels and

offshore installations. Kongsberg is digitalizing the

world's industries, generating exceptional impact and

value with partners to create a better tomorrow for

people, businesses, and society. Understanding the

vessel will allow its partners to unravel the value of its

data simply and cost-effectively – hence providing a

competitive edge in the fast-paced digital world.

Digital Twin will provide their partners instant and

easy access to fleet overviews, vessel-specific

dashboards, and analysis tools.

So, how does the digital twin work? The digital twin

connects the physical and virtual digital worlds. First,

smart components utilize sensors to gather data about

real-time status, working conditions, or positions

combined within a physical thing. These components

are linked to a cloud-based system that gathers and

analyses all the data. Innovative technology provides

the lessons gained while opportunities are shown

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within the digital environment. The opportunities can

then be applied to the physical world.

The SaaS-based solution provides vessel-to-cloud

data infrastructure, capturing and aggregating quality

data cost-effectively and securely. The cherry on top is

that Konsberg Clients or partners have access to

Kognifai Marketplace, granting access to extensive

applications and services that can turn their data into

business value. Access to all real-time data from the oil

and gas asset in one place through a simple virtual

interface called Kognitwin® provides visualization,

simulations, and physics-based models, helping clients

or partners make better decisions to ensure safer, cost-

efficient, and sustainable operations. The tool prevents

unwanted future events and explores and finds the

best asset settings for better efficacy. Indeed,

Kognitwin®, a dynamic digital twin, is a core enabler

for the digitalization of oil and gas assets.

3.6 Maritime Academy of Asia and the Pacific Innovation

initiatives

MAAP activated an Innovation Projects Office (IPO)

directly under the Office of the President, with

graduates of doctorates and masters from World

Maritime University and other foreign universities;

members of the Quality Improvement Team, Thought

Leaders from ACAD, MIITD, MSC, and 3D printing

office and other persons designated by the President.

The IPO is s tasked to undertake activities to:

1. Increase awareness of the situation in the

commercial maritime domain to validate clients'

needs and requirements and be up-dated on the

industry's technological and human element

demands.

2. Conduct research and focus group discus-sions

with maritime industry practitioners and academics

to develop pioneering courses of action for MAAP.

3. Conduct further studies to prepare a priori-ty list of

relevant, suitable, flexible, and timely measures

MAAP should take to en-hance innovative

thinking, methods, new courses, and facilities. All

projects should be research-based with long-term

signifi-cant benefits to the Academy.

4. Shepherd the initial implementation of the projects

and monitor their effectiveness and efficiency in

their early stages before turn-ing them over to

departments.

5. Conduct post-project reviews to fine-tune project

implementation and assess the out-come.

The overall objective of IPO is to enhance MAAP's

prime position in education and training in developing

its midshipmen/trainees using innovative methods to

ensure the provision of a continuing stream of highly

employable officers in the international merchant fleet.

In addition to being technically and academically

competent, Officers must have soft skills and

leadership traits necessary in their operational and

leadership roles in the maritime industry.

For MAAP, the digital twins will act as a platform

for training that will increase MAAP students'

understanding of the whole vessel and train them to

think about the system so they can see the integrated

consequences of actions taken. In addition to maritime

education and training, the digital twins will also offer

a platform for research and development in various

technological disciplines as it increases understanding

of the system and facilitates knowledge exchange.

Digital twins will also prepare MAAP students for

future maritime industry roles.

− Deliver a tool for visualizing vessels and sub-

systems, qualifications and analytics of opera-tional

data, optimization of the vessel perfor-mance,

improved internal and external com-munication,

safe handling of increased auton-omy, and safe

decommissioning.

− Provide a tool to enhance the system's integra-tion,

apply technology performance, perform a quality

assurance system, and provide needed services for

monitoring and maintenance.

− Offer a systematic model that can be set up with

applications to feed live information and gather

required reports from each ship. This ensures

higher-quality reporting on critical is-sues without

burdening the crew.

Because digital twins require specialized

consultancy services, MAAP partners with Kongsberg

(Figure 2) so that MAAP can accelerate its students and

trainees (seafarers) the digital twin's concept, like the

state-of-the-art requirements and standards for model

exchange and handling of large-scale data.

Figure 2. MOU Signed between MAAP and Kongsberg

Digital

MAAP Philippines (President Vadm Eduardo Ma R

Santos, AFP (Ret)) signed Key Simulation Contract

with Kongsberg Digital (KDI Sr. Vice President for

Maritime Simulation Morten Hasaas). MAAP has been

a first adopter of new simulation-based training tools

for several years. Through the partnership, Kongsberg

Digital will deliver a range of maritime simulators to

the newly established Innovation Laboratory of MAAP

(Figure 3). Kongsberg Digital's simulator systems are

critical to the future-oriented MAAP Innovation

laboratory that will boost a large-scale of K-Sim

products, strengthening the position of MAAP as a

regional institution of innovation and excellence for

maritime education and training. The agreement

consists of a Long-Term System Support Program

(LTSSP), which consists of the commitment of

Kongsberg Digitals to delivering cutting-edge

maritime simulators for MAAP's Innovation

Laboratory with emphasis on Digital Twin Engine

Simulator, Celestial Navigation Simulator, Shore

Control, Remote Control Center, and MASS (maritime

autonomous surface ship) technologies. The

partnership will enable MAAP to enhance training and

assessment, conduct advanced research, and validate

operational concepts like smart and autonomous ships.

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Figure 3. MAAP Innovation Laboratory

As part of the MAAP Digital Twin initiative,

Kongsberg Digital's Vessel Acumen will be installed on

MAAP's training ship. This will provide MAAP’s

students with a leading role with first-hand experience

in capturing vessel-to-cloud data infrastructure and

allowing them to analyze data of the vessel over time.

The installation of a brand-new celestial navigation

simulator system allows instructors to provide trainee

officers with hands-on experience in a safe, controlled,

and realistic environment, meeting the standards in the

STCW requirements. Kongsberg Digital will deliver

new consoles for MAAP's existing K-Sim Navigation

bridge simulators and a mid-life upgrade of its motion

platform, including four class-B K-Sim Engine room

simulators. This will extend and complete MAAP's

wide range of existing K-Sim simulators covering

various training purposes, like ship

handling/navigation, engine room management, cargo

handling, and advanced firefighting simulator system.

[4]

As a prime adopter of the new digital technology in

2019, MAAP started using Kongsberg Digital’s K-Sim

Connect platform for cloud-based simulation training

to complement classroom education. Since then, the

cloud-based K-Sim Engine training applications have

allowed the Academy's students to practice and

prepare for MAAP exams anytime, anywhere, and at

their own pace. Kongsberg Digital will soon promote

its latest addition to the organization's cloud-based

simulation portfolio, the K-Sim Navigation, including

delivering this brand-new training application. MAAP

is one of the first training centers worldwide to use an

inspiring, innovative digital twin initiative for blended

learning. MAAP also conducts lecture series and

course developments on MAAP and Digital Twin

Project, including Green Shipping, Robotics, and Risk

Management in Maritime Cybersecurity as part of

MAAP Innovation and Knowledge Center (Figure 4).

Figure 4. MAAP Lecture Series and Course Development

Although MAAP is a leading higher educational

institution for maritime education and training

excellence in the Asia-Pacific region, the worlds of

maritime training and simulation always stand firm.

The longstanding relationship of MAAP with

Kongsberg Digital has constantly prepared MAAP to

retain its position as a pioneer in using new simulation-

based training tools. MAAP, as an early adopter of

digital twins in the Philippines, would be able to train

its students to make some optimization decisions

digitally rather than through physical tests, and this

development will increase along with the introduction

of digital tools. The partnership shall explore the

enormous abilities of “digital twins” for the way

forward.

Create a digital platform for the use of the vessel. A

digital copy of the MAAP vessel will enable MAAP to

improve the vessel's design, maintenance, production,

and sustainability. An Open Simulation Platform

(OSP) will eventually be coursed through with a

simulated ship and a dynamic position system,

performing a dynamic positioning operation. (Figure

5). Other MAAP partners invited to participate in the

project will create a platform open to others to

exchange information and store simulated ships,

systems, and equipment. An open simulation project

(OSP) with potential partners would result in a joint

maritime industry project establishing a maritime

industry standard for models and system simulation.

The standard will allow organizations to reuse

simulation models and construct digital twins of

existing and future vessels for safety and cost-

effectiveness. The model will use cloud technology to

facilitate teams in enhancing system design and vessel

performance, verifying correct handling of failures

within the vessel's automated positioning system's

control system, and verifying system changes and the

operational impact. MAAP will first use this tool to

create a digital twin to determine the MAAP vessel's

capacity and propulsion system modules and their

integration in a virtual setup.

Establish autonomous ships for a variety of

operations. A Digital Twin of an MAAP ship project

(Figure 6) will be developed that will simulate ship

behavior to help optimize ship operations using data

analytics and visualization tools. Kongsberg will

provide expertise in coupled physical-numerical

modeling and simulation to evolve solutions that

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improve the predictability and control of the behavior

and response of the ship.

Figure 5. Open Simulation Digital Platform for Collaboration

Figure 6. MAAP Digital Twin

Indeed, the contract signed manifests a severe

commitment of MAAP to pioneering new simulation-

based training tools and cloud-based solutions,

investing and demonstrating severe intent regarding

seafarers' future education and training.

3.7 MAAP Use of Digital Twins in the Future

MAAP acknowledges the use of Digital Twins in

the future as an opportunity for maritime sector

improvement. Using Digital twins to predict probable

hazards and make the best plan will significantly boost

safety and operation. The digital twin concept can help

the maritime industry better use digitalization and

move to a new era. Five areas will likely benefit from

digital twins: fleet optimization, port and terminal

optimization, end-to-end supply chain optimization,

situational awareness optimization, and security

optimization to ensure safety.

3.7.1 Optimization of the Fleets

Typically, a shipping company serves multiple

clients simultaneously, and clients may utilize varied

maritime companies simultaneously. Hence, a

maritime company needs to maintain and gain

competitiveness by improving its fleet in terms of ships

and their cargo-carrying capacity. A digital twin could

serve this need for sensitivity analysis based on

historical data, ongoing, and predictions of

transactions. The digital twin could form the basis of

strategic decision-making by testing various scenarios

for trade patterns and shipping fleets. Furthermore, a

digital twin for fleet optimization could improve

operational decision-making under diverse contextual

factors, such as weather conditions that create a typical

situation and various options that need to be rapidly

reviewed.

3.7.2 Optimization of Ports and Terminals

The efficiency of the port relies on balancing

demand and supply flexibly and integration within the

entire transport system. [5] A port depends on a

continual in and outflow of cargo and passengers

arriving and departing through various transportation

means. The port and its partners must capture

continuous historical and projected future trade in a

digital twin for strategic planning. A model should

integrate various parameters and relationships that the

decision-makers may include in their strategic

planning and decisions, like investment in

infrastructure, port design, and terminal capacity. A

digital twin with multiple data streams of historical

databases and real-time data is also an operational

planning tool for coordinating and synchronizing port

operations [6] that may provide information like the

number of berths needed for the ports to meet target

time goals or yard space to allow different customers

to store cargo as it moves between transport services. It

could be used to formulate a virtual arrival system,

understand green steaming [7], and enhance the use of

infrastructure transportation for diverse needs.

3.7.3 Optimization of Situational awareness

Transport buyers, cargo owners, and customers

wanted improvements in the visibility and

predictability of the transportation of goods from their

origin to the final destination. It is crucial to consider a

parallel connection of significant digital twins.

Repercussions of a delay in one stage can be analyzed,

adjusted, and updated. Digital twins are a tool to

investigate coordinated infrastructure investments and

developments across a web of ports that interact so that

crucial stakeholders will also gain long-term

situational awareness. This allows them to jointly make

decisions to serve the mutual goals of the ecosystem,

like minimizing port emissions. There is a need to build

and use high-fidelity models of that world to enable

people to perceive and understand the present and

future state of a complex interacting world. This

exercise will enhance situational awareness for these

groups.

3.7.4 Optimization of the container flows in the end-to-

end supply chain

Smart containers supporting IoT connectivity

standards have been introduced [8]. As explained

earlier, innovative container data streams are essential

for optimizing fleet, port, terminal, and situational

awareness. Containers that pass through several

transportation hubs are managed by different carriers

(of the same and different types) in the end-to-end

supply chain. The data generated by connected

containers is a precious source of data for digital twins,

whether retrieved from a data lake or handled as a data

stream in real-time because they provide transport

buyers and coordinators opportunities to optimize the

transport mode and route for serving their clients. This

strengthens the strategic relationship with transport

producers (carriers and transshipment hubs).

Moreover, a digital twin will serve as the foundation

for enhancing the flow of empty containers, and these

1235

connected containers are an electronic necessity for

"smart" supply chains [9] and a significant building

block for digital twins of supply chains.

3.7.5 Optimization of Security Ensuring Safety

Several companies and societies, like DNV-GL and

Mitsui OSK Lines, have seen profit in this innovation

and invested their time and resources to establish the

maritime sector's digital twin. Digital twins will satisfy

the needs of the maritime industry, given that

collaboration among research societies and companies

prevails. Digital twins are built upon general

mathematical depictions of several components.

4 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

There is no doubt that the digital twin is the future.

Predicting potential dangers and creating the optimum

design will significantly enhance safety and operation.

The digital twin concept can help MAAP better use

digitalization and move to a new era. Moreover,

standardized digital models of all components in the

shipping industry are the next wave of standardization

if the maritime industry is to achieve higher levels of

capital productivity through analytics-based

operational and strategic decision-making. All

components' physical instances need embedded

sensors that generate a standardized data stream to

calibrate their associated digital model. MAAP,

through Digital twins, can guide current operations

and future needs to allow the maritime sector to

cooperate and standardize digital data streams and

models of digital components, contributing to the

realization of the MAAP Innovation Strategy. [10]

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