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1 INTRODUCTION

The Polish Baltic Sea coast is a key destination for

domestic and international tourism, being among the

most attractive regions in Poland [1] offering diverse

natural, historical and cultural attractions. It is

characterized by extraordinary natural diversity and a

specific climate, which determines the recreational and

health values of this region [1].

Spanning the southern Baltic Sea coast, it features

sandy beaches, cliffs like those of Wolin National Park,

and the shifting dunes of Słowiński National Park. Rich

biodiversity and protected areas attract eco-tourists,

while cities like Gdańsk, Sopot, and Kołobrzeg offer

cultural and historical sites [2, 3]. Accessibility through

highways, railways, and airports, along with ports and

marinas, enhances its appeal for tourism, particularly

maritime tourism [4].

The coast caters to diverse interests, from family-

friendly resorts and luxurious spas to adventure

tourism activities like kite surfing and diving. Health

tourism thrives in spa towns such as Kołobrzeg and

Świnoujście, known for therapeutic mud and brine

waters. Although summer remains the peak season,

off-season offerings such as cultural festivals and

wellness retreats are growing, making it a year-round

destination. For years tourism supports local

economies, creates jobs, and fosters regional

development, drawing visitors from neighbouring

countries such as Germany and Scandinavia, thanks to

its proximity and competitive pricing [5, 6].

The seasonal nature of tourism along the Baltic Sea

[7] significantly influences the safety considerations of

both visitors and local communities. The Polish Baltic

Sea coast, like many coastal destinations, experiences a

large influx of tourists during the summer months,

driven by favourable weather, school holidays, and the

Tourist Safety on the Polish Baltic Coast: Analysis

of Risks and Preventive Strategies

M. Bogalecka & A. Grobelna

Gdynia Maritime University, Gdynia, Poland

ABSTRACT: The Polish Baltic Sea coast is a popular destination for tourists seeking picturesque landscapes,

sandy beaches, and a rich cultural heritage. Each year, millions of visitors flock to the region to enjoy its natural

beauty and recreational opportunities. However, the increasing number of tourists also brings unique challenges

related to safety and risk management. Ensuring the safety of visitors is a multifaceted task that requires

collaboration between local authorities, businesses, and emergency services. The paper explores the primary risks

faced by tourists on the Polish Baltic coast, including natural hazards, infrastructure challenges, and human-

related factors such as crime or accidents. Furthermore, it examines the strategies and measures implemented to

mitigate these risks, highlighting the importance of education, preparedness, and effective communication. By

analyzing both threats and preventive actions, this study aims to provide valuable insights for policymakers, local

stakeholders, and tourists themselves to enhance safety and promote a secure environment for all.

http://www.transnav.eu

the International Journal

on Marine Navigation

and Safety of Sea Transportation

Volume 19

Number 3

September 2025

DOI: 10.12716/1001.19.03.31

966

appeal of beach activities. This seasonality creates

unique challenges and opportunities for managing

safety.

The primary goal of this paper is to identify the

unique challenges associated with ensuring tourist

safety along the Polish Baltic Sea coast and to evaluate

the effectiveness of current management strategies in

addressing these issues. The dynamic and seasonal

nature of tourism in the region introduces various

safety concerns, from overcrowded beaches during

peak summer months to the off-season time. By

analysing these challenges, the article seeks to

highlight specific risk factors, such as water-related

accidents, weather unpredictability, and infrastructure

limitations. Furthermore, it aims to assess the adequacy

of existing safety protocols, emergency response

mechanisms, and public awareness initiatives to

mitigate these risks. A critical evaluation of these

strategies will help identify gaps and propose

actionable improvements to enhance overall safety for

tourists. Ultimately, the article aspires to contribute to

the development of a comprehensive and adaptive

safety framework that can address both seasonal and

year-round needs in this key tourist destination.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

In the literature, the issue of tourist safety in the context

of the Baltic Sea remains relatively underexplored. A

search of the Web of Science (WoS) database conducted

at the end of December 2024 gave only 7 articles that

met the search criteria "tourism AND baltic AND

safety". The oldest one is from 2011, while the most

recent was published in 2022. A slightly better result

was obtained when the database was searched for

threats to tourists in the Baltic Sea region. Using the

filter "tourism AND baltic AND (threat OR hazard)",

20 publications were found. The oldest of these was

published in 1991, and the most recent in 2023 (Fig. 1).

Figure 1. The number of articles indexed in the Web of

Science database searched according to various criteria

(source: own work based on the WoS database).

These data clearly indicate that the issue of threats

and safety for tourists in the Baltic Sea region is not a

frequent topic of scientific research. This may stem

from researchers' insufficient recognition of its

significance or from the perception that these threats

are relatively minor in the public eye. This gap in the

scientific literature required using a more general

search filter, namely "tourism AND baltic". As a result,

we compiled a dataset of 392 publications. The oldest

comes from 1984, while the most recent is from 2024,

with the highest number of articles published in 2023

(Fig. 1).

The analysis of this dataset was also performed

using the VOSviewer application, which visualises

bibliometric data networks as maps containing nodes

(concepts) and their interconnections (edges) derived

from the authors of scientific works. Based on the first

map (Fig. 2), it is evident that the "Baltic Sea" and

"tourism" are the most significant nodes in the

network, indicating they are the most frequently co-

occurring concepts in the analysed publications. These

terms are connected to numerous other concepts,

highlighting the interdisciplinary nature of research in

this area. The topics include fields such as

environmental protection, infrastructure development,

regional management, and climate change,

demonstrating that the region is treated as an example

of a place where tourism must be sustainable to protect

fragile marine ecosystems. The map reveals several

main thematic clusters.

Figure 2. Visualisation of the network of the links between

the keywords “tourism” and „baltic” and others (source: own

work based on the WoS database and the VOSviewer).

The red cluster focusses on regional cooperation in

the Baltic Sea area, encompassing "EU funds" and the

"blue economy". This highlights aspects of tourism

management and regional development. Additionally,

"cooperation" and "regionalization" have strong ties to

the "blue economy”, underscoring the importance of

regional collaboration in achieving sustainable tourism

development. The red cluster also connects with the

orange one, which includes “health tourism”, pointing

to the growth of medical and health tourism in the

Baltic Sea region. The yellow cluster centres on tourism

“destination”, the impact of the “COVID-19” pandemic

and the “region”. This suggests a focus on tourism's

sensitivity to COVID-19-related disasters in the Baltic

region. The green cluster refers to “climate change”,

with particular emphasis on the issue of cyanobacterial

“blooms”, which hinder water sports activities [8]. This

indicates a growing interest in the impact of

environmental changes on tourism in the region. The

blue cluster covers topics related to the tourism

infrastructure, such as "ports", "cruise ships", and

environmental issues such as "waste management".

The purple cluster addresses pollution issues,

including “plastic pollution” in connection with

“marine debris” and “waste management”,

highlighting the increasing attention of researchers to

marine pollution and environmental protection in the

region.

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Another map (Fig. 3), also generated in VOSviewer,

presents a network of concepts with an additional

temporal dimension, indicating the evolution of

research interests between 2016 and 2024. The colour of

the nodes reflects the period when these concepts were

studied more intensively, ranging from blue (earlier

years) to yellow (more recent years).

Figure 3. Overlay visualisation of the links between the

keywords “tourism” and “baltic”, and others in years 2016–

2024 (source: own work based on the WoS database and the

VOSviewer).

The blue nodes represent the period before 2018,

during which topics related to “health tourism” were

extensively researched, as well as issues related to

tourism infrastructure, such as “cruise ships” and

“ferry lines”. The green nodes, covering the years

2018–2022, demonstrate a shift in focus towards

“ecosystem-based management”, international

“cooperation”, the “blue economy”, as well as topics

like “waste management”, “marine debris”, and

“plastic pollution”. This suggests that during this

period, researchers concentrated on environmental

issues and pollution in the Baltic Sea region.

The most recent research, marked by yellow nodes

from 2023 onwards, continues to address the issues of

microplastics and “climate change”, “decision-

making”, and the impact of these changes on

ecosystems and tourism. Looking at this map, one can

observe the changing priorities and the dynamic nature

of tourism research in the Baltic Sea region: topics such

as “health tourism” and “marine debris” were more

popular in earlier years, but their importance has

diminished compared to emerging issues such as

“climate change” and “decision-making”, highlighting

the appearance of new research trends. The dynamic

nature of research topics also reveals how rapidly

emerging global challenges, such as environmental

degradation and decision-making frameworks, are

reshaping the academic discourse on tourism.

Understanding these evolving trends can help

policymakers and researchers better align their

strategies with the changing needs of regional tourism

development and environmental management.

3 ASSESSING RISKS AND IMPLEMENTING

SOLUTIONS FOR TOURIST SAFETY ON THE

POLISH BALTIC SEA COAST

The Polish Baltic coastline measures approximately 770

kilometres in length, encompassing and offering

tourists a variety of regions distinguished by different

types of coastal, such as sandy beaches, dunes, and

cliffs [9]. According to the Eurostat methodology,

coastal areas are classified on the basis of the distance

of a given commune from the sea: if a commune

borders with the sea, it is, as a rule, a coastal commune;

if a commune does not border with the sea but 50% of

its area is within 10 km from the sea, it is also

considered a coastal commune. This way 55 communes

of the voivodships: Pomorskie (26),

Zachodniopomorskie (23) and Warmińsko-Mazurskie

(6) are classified as coastal areas in Poland. They cover

2.9% of Poland's territory (9.1 thousand square

kilometres) and are inhabited by 4.2% of the country's

population (1.6 million people) [10]. Among the most

popular resorts in this region are Świnoujście,

Międzyzdroje, Rewal, Kołobrzeg, Ustronie Morskie,

Mielno, Łeba, Władysławowo and the Tri-City

(Gdańsk, Sopot and Gdynia).These destinations offer a

diverse range of attractions: from touring historic

lighthouses and promenading along Europe’s longest

wooden pier in Sopot or the Avenue of Stars – with

handprints of Poland’s film and theatre luminaries – in

Międzyzdroje, to visiting the Fisheries Museum in

Świnoujście or exploring the World War II bunkers in

the vicinity of Ustka (Fig 4). Additionally, it is worth

highlighting the Sopot, which at the beginning of the

20th century, gained recognition as one of the most

attractive and frequently visited European health

resorts, widely known as the summer capital of Poland

[1]. This widespread acclaim is due to its unique

location, the natural and cultural environment, as well

as the ongoing efforts to preserve its spa and health

traditions through various treatments and activities.

With a population of around 40,000, Sopot remains one

of the most renowned resorts in the Baltic [1]. In

summary, Sopot and all the aforementioned coastal

localities offer distinctive attractions that continue to

draw tourists throughout the year.

However, due to the temperate climate along the

Polish coast, the peak of the tourist season occurs in

July and August [11]. This is clearly reflected in the

marked increase in visitor numbers to these areas and

the resultant strain on transport and municipal

infrastructure, particularly in terms of water supply,

energy provision and sanitation, as well as the

intensified demand for local catering, hospitality and

healthcare services, and finally the increased activity of

emergency rescue services, which are observed

particularly during high season [12].

Figure 4. Map of the Polish Baltic coastline indicating the

principal tourist resorts (source: own work based on Statistics

Poland, https://stat.gov.pl/en/, accessed Apr. 29, 2025).

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During the summer of 2024, the Polish Baltic coast

recorded a substantial increase in tourist traffic [6]. In

July and August, the accommodation establishments in

coastal towns hosted a total of 2 million guests,

representing 22% of all guests who used such facilities

in Poland at all, during that period. Foreign visitors

accounted for 18.3% of the total, of whom the largest

contingent was Germans – 184 000 individuals. By

comparison, in July and August 2023 coastal

accommodations received 1.8 million tourists,

resulting in 8 million overnight stays [13]. Compared

to the same period in the previous year, the number of

tourists was 0.6% lower, while the total number of

overnight stays decreased by 4.8% [14].

The lack of systematic research on tourist safety in

the Baltic Sea region, mentioned in Sect. 2, highlights

the need for intensified studies in this area. The safety

of tourists in the coastal regions of Poland is an issue of

critical importance, particularly in light of the steadily

increasing number of visitors to the Baltic Sea each year

[6, 13, 14]. This is also especially important in the

context of dynamic environmental, social, and political

changes that may impact tourist safety in the region

[15].

3.1 Threatening factors affecting tourist safety

The safety of tourists having leisure time in coastal

regions can be assessed in terms of natural hazards,

such as severe weather events [16], as well as risks

resulting from human activity, including

environmental degradation [17], overdevelopment,

and other unsustainable coastal practices [18], notably

excessive shoreline construction that disrupts natural

littoral processes and the exploitation of natural

resources without adequate protective mechanisms.

These practices can lead to environmental degradation,

loss of biodiversity, and deterioration of the conditions

for tourists enjoying these regions [19].

A significant natural hazard for tourists relaxing by

the Baltic Sea involves adverse weather conditions and

natural phenomena. The Baltic Sea can be

unpredictable, and sudden weather changes may pose

a serious risk [20]. Strong winds, violent storms, and

rough seas can generate high waves and powerful

currents, endangering swimmers [21]. Rip currents are

a dangerous threat, as they can unknowingly pull

swimmers far from the shore, making it difficult to

return safely. For instance, occurred in July 2022, when

an accident like that took place in Jantar (small town on

the Vistula Spit), where five people were swept away

by powerful shore waves. Despite the presence of a red

flag, indicating a swimming ban due to hazardous

conditions, one person entered the water and began to

drown. Beachgoers, attempting to form a "human

chain" to rescue him, were themselves caught by the

waves. As a result of this accident, one person lost their

life and another was seriously injured [22].

The weather along the Polish coast is marked by

sudden fluctuations that can be hazardous to tourists,

particularly those who engage in water sports [16].

Although the Baltic Sea is generally regarded as a

relatively calm body of water, it can also be

unpredictable. Due to abrupt changes in atmospheric

conditions, strong winds and storms may arise without

warning, making the sea treacherous and posing a

genuine threat to visitors. This volatility means that

even in seemingly tranquil weather, conditions can

shift instantaneously, increasing the risk for sailors and

for those on or near the water. Moreover, an

insufficient number of lifeguards [23] – especially on

less frequented beaches – can significantly increase the

likelihood of serious accidents and delay the provision

of aid to those in distress [24, 25].

Tourists are also exposed to hazards arising from

coastal erosion and unstable cliffs. Along the western

shore, at the southern tip of the island of Wolin and

extending eastward, there are cliff stretches several

hundred metres in length, composed chiefly of glacial

clays that undergo continual abrasion. Similar

formations are found along the eastern coast in the

vicinity of Jastrzębia Góra and Gdynia [26]. Intensive

tourist activity, combined with natural factors such as

variable weather conditions, storms and heavy rainfall,

accelerates the degradation of these cliffs, potentially

precipitating unpredictable landslides. Consequently,

people walking near steep cliff edges may face the

immediate peril of losing their footing or even being

involved in an accident. For this reason, local

authorities and rescue services maintain constant

monitoring of the coastline in order to issue timely

warnings of any imminent dangers [27]. For example,

in Orłowo, Gdynia, in 2018 a section of the cliff

collapsed, depositing approximately 1200 m³ of earth

onto the beach, although no injuries were sustained

[28]. However, in April 2024 a tragic accident occurred

when a 60‑year‑old man fell from the summit of this

same cliff and lost his life [29], confirming that natural

erosive processes can pose a severe hazard to those

nearby.

Tourists are primarily attracted to the southern

Baltic coast by its pristine maritime air, which

promotes relaxation and rejuvenation. Although

occasional episodes of pollution, such as during winter

heating or in proximity to industrial zones, may occur,

most visitors select these areas precisely for their

natural charm and favourable climatic conditions.

Research indicates [30], that, while air pollution can

reduce the appeal of a destination, both through

adverse health effects and degradation of

environmental aesthetics, it is not always the decisive

factor in destination choice. For many travellers, other

regional assets, such as the quality of beaches, the

purity of coastal waters and a rich cultural‑recreational

offering, assume greater importance. However, a

growing number of individuals are aware of the risks

posed by air pollution. Tourists, especially younger

demographics and those who have a higher degree of

ecological awareness, routinely monitor current

air‑quality data and may plan their visits to avoid

periods or locations with elevated pollution levels.

Adverse perceptions of air quality can cast a region in

a less favourable light, thereby influencing

holiday‑making decisions [31]. However, air pollution

not only influences tourists' decision-making and

choice of destination. For example, studies conducted

among students of tourism-related fields indicate that

awareness of the issue of pollution may potentially

affect their perception of the attractiveness of the

tourism job market, as well as their destination

preferences as future industry professionals [32], what

seems to be critical, given chronic problem of high

employee turnover facing tourism and hospitality

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industry [33]. Air pollution is assessed based on

measured concentrations of key substances, including

particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), nitrogen oxides

(NOx), sulphur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3) and

benzo[a]pyrene. These data are collected by

monitoring stations (e.g., the Chief Inspectorate of

Environmental Protection – CIEP in Poland, Pol.

Główny Inspektorat Ochrony Środowiska – GIOŚ))

and by satellite systems, and the results are compared

against established standards and guidelines [34]. The

air quality in the Polish coastal tourist destinations is

varied and depends on numerous factors, including

local emission sources and meteorological conditions.

The Tri-City metropolitan area (Gdańsk, Gdynia and

Sopot), which is particularly susceptible to air

pollution due to its proximity to major ports and

shipyards, as well as its large population

(approximately one million inhabitants) is, according

to reports by the CIEP, annually awarded Category A

for all monitored pollutants, indicating good air

quality in this region [34]. Occasional short‑lived

episodes of poor air quality do occur, but these are

generally transient [35, 36]. Small coastal towns may

also experience occasional air quality problems,

particularly during the heating season when emissions

from domestic heating systems are elevated. The

region of the southern Baltic Sea most affected by air

pollution is the vicinity of Ostrowo, located just under

15 km west of Władysławowo (Fig. 4). Despite its

seaside position, in January 2023 the air quality

standards were breached there, with a maximum

PM2.5 concentration of 82.10 µg/m³ and seven days on

which the daily PM10 limit was exceeded [37].

Tourists along the Polish coast are also exposed to

hazards arising from contamination of marine bathing

waters by anthropogenic sources [19]. The sources of

marine pollution are industrial, agricultural, and

municipal waste inputs directly into the sea or through

rivers. Within the Baltic Sea basin, seven major rivers:

the Neva, Vistula, Oder, Nemunas, Daugava, Kemijoki

and Göta transport pollutants originating from land

and from intensive anthropogenic activities carried out

there, accounting for more than 80% of marine

pollution [38]. Because most of these rivers discharge

into the southern Baltic Sea, pollutant concentrations

are consequently higher in that region. Studies and

reports on water quality and the occurrence of

cyanobacterial blooms indicate that along the southern

Baltic coast the highest risk of such blooms is found in

the Gulf of Gdańsk and in the vicinity of Świnoujście,

due to the outflows of the Vistula and Oder rivers.

Although, in general, the water quality of the Baltic Sea

along the Polish coastline is improving, sporadic

cyanobacterial blooms, resulting from eutrophication,

may nonetheless adversely affect the health of bathers

and diminish the appeal as a tourist destination [8, 39].

The extent of cyanobacterial blooms in the Baltic Sea

and the attendant public‑health risks are lower than

those posed by hazardous and toxic blooms in

warm‑water marine environments, such as off the

coasts of the Caribbean, the Gulf of Mexico and parts

of the Pacific. Nevertheless, they are most frequently

cause skin irritation and foodborne illness. In extreme

cases, cyanobacterial blooms prompt sanitary alerts:

local health authorities in the affected area, where

cyanobacteria concentrations have risen sufficiently,

prohibit bathing to protect the well‑being of residents

and tourists. Unfortunately, some visitors nonetheless

disregard these bans [40]. Although, compared to

tropical regions, the magnitude of these events is

smaller, their occurrence in the southern Baltic

underscores the necessity of continuous monitoring of

water‑quality and the implementation of measures to

mitigate eutrophication. For example, in July 2023 six

bathing sites along the Polish coast were closed due to

cyanobacterial blooms: three in Gdynia and one each

in Jantar, Stegna and Kąty Rybackie on the Vistula Spit

[41]. In addition to the nutrients, causing the

cyanobacterial blooms, other salts using in agriculture,

may be also move by rivers into the Baltic Sea.

Pesticides and herbicides, as chemical agents used in

agriculture to control pests and weeds, can enter

bathing waters through surface runoff and infiltration

into groundwater [42]. The waters contaminated by

these substances pose serious threats to both aquatic

ecosystems and to the health of tourists. Many small

organisms, such as plankton, fish and crustaceans are

particularly sensitive even to low concentrations of

these compounds. Such pollution may disrupt

reproduction, growth and the functioning of biological

systems. Especially hazardous is the phenomenon of

bioaccumulation, whereby these substances

accumulate in living organisms lacking the capacity to

eliminate them and subsequently transfer through

successive trophic levels, thereby increasing risks for

fish, birds and ultimately humans. Tourists visiting

bathing sites may be exposed to pesticides through

dermal contact with water, which, over time, can cause

skin irritation or allergic reactions. Furthermore, the

consumption of contaminated fish and other marine

products carries the risk of hormonal disturbances and

other long‑term health effects [43–45]. Fortunately,

although pesticides and herbicides can reach the Baltic

Sea, available reports and studies have not

documented any instances of mass poisoning of

tourists by these substances along the southern Baltic

coast.

Bathing waters may also be subject to a variety of

contaminants that affect both the quality of the

vacation experience and the health of tourists.

Degradation of larger plastic debris and its direct

release into the environment results in the

accumulation of microplastics in coastal waters.

Although these particles are small, they can be

absorbed by aquatic organisms, thereby affecting the

entire food chain. For tourists, the presence of

microplastics may lead to a deterioration of the

aesthetic appeal of bathing sites and pose potential

health risks, especially during prolonged water contact

and through the consumption of, for example, fish

harvested from contaminated waters [46–48]. The

waters of the Baltic Sea also exhibit the presence of

heavy metal ions. These contaminants originate from

industrial emissions, agricultural runoff and

inadequately treated wastewater. Heavy metals such

as lead, cadmium and mercury can accumulate in

sediments and water, and their presence poses a risk to

human health by affecting the nervous system, the

kidneys and other organs [49]. Residues of

pharmaceuticals and other medicinal products enter

water bodies through sewage systems and improper

disposal of medical waste. These substances can affect

aquatic microorganisms by disrupting the ecological

balance and may also pose potential health risks to

individuals using bathing areas [50]. Even with

operational treatment systems in place, partially

970

treated wastewater may occasionally be discharged

into marine environments, thereby increasing the risk

of the presence of pathogens, viruses, and toxins.

Bathing waters are most commonly exposed to the

presence of bacteria such as Escherichia coli and

Enterococcus. Elevated levels of these pathogens pose

a direct threat to tourist health, increasing the risk of

infections and diseases that affect the respiratory or

gastrointestinal systems [51, 52]. Exceeding the

permissible levels of hazardous substances and foreign

organisms leads to decisions regarding the closure of

beaches in order to protect tourists' health. For

instance, in August 2019, the presence of Escherichia

coli and Enterococcus bacteria was detected at the

Darłówko Zachodnie bathing site (approximately 30

km east of Mielno), resulting in the temporary closure

of the beach [53].

Oils and greases represent another significant

category of pollutants that can adversely affect the

quality of bathing waters and the aesthetic appeal of

beaches. The main sources of these substances are

maritime transport as well as the operations of ports

and shipyards [54, 55]. Ships, particularly those with

high fuel throughput, may generate oily waste and

minor fuel or lubricant leaks during normal operation,

which can result from mechanical failures, improper

handling, or accidental events during loading and

unloading procedures. Oil slicks that settle on the

surface not only reduce water clarity and hinder gas

exchange between water and air, but also give the

water an unsightly appearance and an unpleasant

odour, thus deterring tourists from visiting the beach.

Moreover, the long-term presence of such substances

can disrupt local ecosystems by disrupting biological

equilibrium and affecting the health of aquatic

organisms. Direct contact with oil-contaminated water

may cause irritation to the skin and eye among

swimmers. In cases of larger-scale spills, there is a risk

that toxic substances may enter the food chain,

indirectly impacting the health of people who consume

contaminated fish or other marine organisms. These

pollutants are often difficult to remove, as oils tend to

form persistent films on the surface that can spread

over large areas due to currents, waves, and wind [56].

Another type of chemical pollution specific to the

southern coast of the Baltic Sea is sunken weaponry,

primarily originating from World War II [57]. This

region contains a significant quantity of munitions

resting on the seafloor, including chemical weapons

such as mustard gas. Even minimal exposure to these

substances can result in painful blisters and burns that

may persist for extended periods, as well as serious

damage to the eyes, respiratory tract, and

gastrointestinal system. Although these submerged

items remained inert for many years, the gradual

process of corrosion and the deterioration of protective

casings pose a risk of toxic leaks. On the other hand,

layers of sediment that have accumulated on the

seabed over decades act as a mechanical barrier,

partially preventing the release of hazardous

substances into the water column. For this reason,

contact with sunken weapons occurred more

frequently in the immediate post-war years. In the

vicinity of Bornholm Island, a popular site for diving

enthusiasts, there have been instances where divers

accidentally discovered metallic fragments or

containers of submerged munitions. Similar

encounters have occurred along certain Polish beaches,

where tourists swimming or walking along the

shoreline came into contact with remnants of sunken

weaponry. Additionally, anglers have reported finding

fragments of weapons or munition containers near

fishing areas. Currently, incidents involving injuries to

tourists caused by sunken weapons are extremely rare.

Nevertheless, a theoretical risk remains that intensive

seabed operations could inadvertently disturb these

materials, potentially resulting in the release of toxic

substances [58]. If this occurs, sea currents in the Baltic

may carry these substances toward coastal beaches,

posing a serious threat. Therefore, seabed cleaning has

become a high priority by some authorities [57, 59] to

ensure the safety of both tourists and the local

communities who enjoy the beaches and the sea.

In the southern Baltic region, there have been

numerous incidents related to health risks faced by

tourists who spend extended periods on beaches

without adequate protection. One of the most common

hazards includes sunburns, heat strokes, and

dehydration, particularly during the summer, when

high temperatures combined with intense UV

radiation can lead to serious skin damage [60]. For

instance, in Kołobrzeg, there have been reported cases

of tourists requiring medical intervention due to severe

sunburns, while in Międzyzdroje, incidents of heat

stroke have been recorded among people unprepared

for prolonged sun exposure [61]. Another health risk to

tourists involves injuries caused by slippery piers,

uneven boardwalks, and poorly maintained pathways

near beaches. In coastal towns where high pedestrian

traffic and large numbers of visitors often result in

overcrowding, there have been documented cases of

slips and falls on wet or uneven surfaces, leading to

serious injuries [62, 63].

Human activity also has a significant impact on the

safety of travellers. During the summer season, coastal

towns attract large crowds of tourists, which increases

the risk of theft and fraud [64, 65]. Densely populated

beaches and tourist centres create favourable

conditions for pickpocketing. Therefore, it is essential

to remain vigilant regarding one's belongings. For

example, in Sopot in January 2024, two men took

advantage of a situation in which a tourist was helping

an unconscious man to steal her wallet containing

documents and cash [66]. During the St. Dominic’s

Fair, goods worth over 60,000 PLN disappeared from

the market area, most of which were items stolen from

seasonal vendors of clothing and jewellery [67].

According to police data, in 2023, the number of

initiated proceedings concerning "theft of another

person’s property" increased compared to the previous

year, with a particularly noticeable increase in coastal

provincial police departments [68]. Tourist areas have

also seen incidents of fraud involving false apartment

rental offers, where tourists pay deposits and

subsequently lose contact with the so-called "hosts"

[69]. Another common scam is the "three-cup game," in

which organised groups of skilled fraudsters invite

tourists to play, manipulating the ball in such a way

that every participant ultimately loses the money

wagered [70].

In coastal towns, there is a noticeable increase in

alcohol consumption, which contributes to incidents

such as aggressive behaviour, irresponsible conduct in

the water, and traffic accidents. For example, in June

971

2023 on Stogi Beach in Gdańsk, lifeguards and police

officers rescued a beachgoer with nearly 3.5‰ blood

alcohol content, who repeatedly disappeared

underwater in an uncontrolled manner [71].

Unfortunately, the behaviour of such beachgoers

can be difficult to predict and control. They often

disregard not only social norms but also the

recommendations of lifeguards. After consuming large

amounts of alcohol, they may decide to swim or, worse,

attempt to supervise a child in the water [23]. Another

common issue involves intoxicated individuals

drifting out to sea on inflatable mattresses. They often

fall asleep and realise how far they have drifted once

they wake up. Even more concerning is the fact that

children are sometimes left unattended on these

mattresses, posing a serious safety risk. Unfortunately,

such beachgoers, being under the influence of alcohol,

often refuse to cooperate and when confronted with

lifeguards, frequently respond with aggression,

including verbal abuse and insults [23].

Another issues arising from alcohol abuse among

tourists are car accidents caused by intoxicated and

drunk drivers. During the holiday season, coastal

roads become heavily congested, leading to a higher

number of collisions and accidents, particularly near

popular resorts. For instance, in April 2025 in Darłowo,

a woman with a blood alcohol level exceeding 2‰

drove her car into a ditch [72].

Another health risk for tourists, though not limited

only to those visiting coastal regions, is the threat of

diseases resulting from inadequate hygiene in

accommodation and food service establishments.

Tourists should exercise caution when consuming food

sold at seasonal food stands, as high temperatures

accelerate spoilage. For example, in June 2024, 122

people, including spa guests and staff members, were

infected with salmonella at a vacation resort in

Pogorzelica, resulting in the hospitalization of 8

tourists [73]. Similarly, in July 2023, sanitary

inspections detected the presence of Escherichia coli in

more than 40% of soft-serve ice cream samples sold

along the coastal strip, leading to the temporary

closure of numerous sales points [74]. During the 2024

season, inspections covered 90 samples collected from

the coastal region of the West Pomeranian Voivodship

in Poland, half of which were found to be contaminated

with Escherichia coli [75]. The sanitary authority (so-

called Sanepid in Poland) indicated that the main cause

of contamination was the insufficient cleaning and

disinfection of the ice cream dispensing machines,

along with the lack of proper hygiene protocols during

production.

Noise is an unwanted high-intensity sound that can

negatively affect human health, well-being, and quality

of life, as well as the natural environment. It is an

acoustic phenomenon that disrupts natural tranquillity

or communication in a given area. Consequently, noise

at a destination, regardless of whether it comes from

tourists, road traffic, or industrial activity, can

significantly influence tourists’ decisions when

choosing where to travel [76]. Many tourists prefer

locations that offer peace and relaxation, and therefore,

high noise levels, particularly in areas designated for

rest, can disrupt the overall comfort of their stay.

Prolonged exposure to noise may lead to increased

stress levels and have adverse effects on both physical

and mental health. Tourists who prioritise their well-

being may thus avoid destinations where noise is a

persistent issue. In Poland, permissible noise levels

vary depending on the type of area. In residential and

recreational zones, acceptable daytime levels typically

range from 55 to 65 dB, while night-time levels should

not exceed 45 to 55 dB [77]. In many coastal towns in

Poland, especially during the tourist season, noise

levels often exceed these limits. Intense tourist traffic,

mass events, increased vehicle movement, and the

operation of food establishments all contribute to

increased sound levels. In several resort towns along

the southern coast of the Baltic Sea, measurements

have indicated noise levels that can be considered a

nuisance. However, it is difficult to definitively

identify which Polish coastal town is most affected by

noise pollution. Among the popular seaside

destinations frequently mentioned in media reports

and environmental protection agency findings are

Sopot, Kołobrzeg, and Międzyzdroje. For example, in

Sopot during the summer, especially in beach areas

and along the promenade, sound measurements have

shown average day-time levels of approximately 70 dB.

In the evenings, during outdoor events and increased

tourist activity, levels may temporarily exceed

permissible limits, raising concerns among both

residents and local authorities [78]. In another tourist

city, Kołobrzeg, there have been instances where noise

levels on the beach and near entertainment centres

have reached up to 75 dB, particularly in the evenings

when concerts, mass events, and intensified vehicle

traffic, including service vehicles supporting tourist

infrastructure, take place [79]. Meanwhile, in

Międzyzdroje, summer measurements indicate

average noise levels in recreational areas ranging from

65 to 70 dB [80]. Although these levels are slightly

lower than those recorded in Sopot and Kołobrzeg,

occasional exceedances still occur, especially during

local events or near food service establishments.

Noise exerts detrimental effects not only on humans

but also on animals. Marine birds, mammals, including

endangered species inhabiting the Baltic Sea, such as

seals and porpoises, and other organisms are

particularly sensitive to sound. Noise can disrupt their

communication, induce stress, and even force them to

abandon their natural habitats. Furthermore,

underwater noise, such as that generated by

motorboats, can have an adverse impact on marine

organisms by interfering with their spatial orientation

and reproductive behaviours. This is especially

concerning given that sound travels faster and over

greater distances in water than in air, amplifying its

disruptive potential [81].

Recently, some tourists visiting the Polish coast

have expressed concerns regarding the planned

construction of offshore wind farms [82]. The

construction of offshore wind farms along the Polish

coast is still in an intensive development phase, with a

potential capacity of approximately 33 GW by 2040

[83], and may soon influence tourists’ choices of

vacation destinations [84]. Opinions on wind farms

vary and depend on several factors, such as the

appearance of the turbines, their location, and the

personal preferences of visitors [85, 86]. Studies

conducted in various countries, especially Europe,

where tourism and wind energy development are

growing rapidly, show a wide range of reactions [87–

972

89]. For some tourists, wind farms are an interesting

addition to the landscape, giving it a modern character,

while others see them as a disruption to natural views.

However, attitudes toward offshore wind farms are

generally more positive than toward onshore farms,

primarily due to their location away from the shore [84,

90, 91]. Tourists who value an unobstructed view of the

sea or enjoy water sports tend to have a favourable

view of offshore farms, provided they are located far

enough from the coastline to remain nearly invisible

[84, 90, 91]. For environmentally conscious individuals,

offshore farms symbolise a commitment to

environmental protection, which can even improve the

area’s appeal as a tourist destination [84, 90, 91].

In addition to concerns about the disruption of

scenic landscapes, tourists, prompted by reports on the

potentially harmful effects of wind farms, including

electromagnetic fields, noise, and the flickering caused

by rotating blades, have expressed concerns about their

personal safety, particularly in relation to onshore

wind farms, which are concentrated along the Polish

coast [92]. Therefore, the construction of new wind

power plants, both offshore and onshore, may

contribute and intensify conflicts within society: on the

one hand, among tourists who, disapprove of such

developments, may choose alternative destinations,

and on the other hand, among local residents, who are

not only concerned for their health but also aware of

tourists’ decisions to skip vacations at their resorts,

may become dissatisfied due to the resulting decrease

in income from accommodation rentals and hospitality

services [93].

3.2 Strategies to improve tourist safety

Tourist safety is a fundamental criterion for assessing

the quality of a destination’s tourism offerings and the

overall satisfaction of its visitors [94]. A well-designed

and effectively implemented protection system not

only enhances the comfort of the tourists’ stay but also

strengthens the reputation of a region or country as a

safe, welcoming, and trustworthy tourist destination

[8, 32]. On the Baltic coast, where mass tourism

intensifies during the summer season, the need for

effective preventive strategies becomes especially

urgent. Ensuring tourist safety requires a multifaceted

approach that includes both individual and

institutional preventive measures, the integration of

modern technologies, and close cooperation among

relevant stakeholders [24].

The foundation of any effective safety system lies in

a comprehensive risk assessment. This process should

examine natural conditions, the dynamics of tourist

flows, the state of local infrastructure, and potential

environmental hazards [95]. Along the Baltic coast,

special attention must be paid to meteorological threats

(e.g., sudden storms, high winds, large waves),

geodynamic risks (e.g., cliff erosion, landslides), and

seasonal health threats (e.g., foodborne illnesses,

cyanobacterial blooms) [96, 97]. During the peak

season, the high number of visitors increases the

likelihood of crimes such as pickpocketing and

financial fraud. Tourists are advised to store valuables

in hotel safes and carry essential items such as

passports and wallets in interior pockets when in

crowded areas. Cashless payment methods, including

cards with contactless blocking technology, are

recommended, along with avoiding bookings made

through unverified websites [98]. Preventive efforts

should include educating tourists about common

scams, such as fake requests for assistance or phishing

via text messages. Increased police and municipal

patrols in tourist hotspots serve as an effective

deterrent. Additionally, travellers may fall victim to

fraudulent accommodation offers; therefore, it is

essential to use reputable booking platforms and avoid

suspicious deals is essential. Educational campaigns by

local authorities and tourism organisations, through

brochures in information centres and social media

channels, play a vital role in raising awareness about

such threats [64]. The ongoing monitoring of crime

data from police and rescue services is necessary to

identify emerging threats. These data support the

development of preventive action plans, which outline

patrol schedules, lifeguard deployments, and tourist

guidelines.

Appropriate education and preparation before

travel significantly reduce the risk of adverse incidents

[99]. Tourists are advised to familiarise themselves

with up-to-date meteorological bulletins, sanitary

warnings (e.g., regarding water quality or hygiene

standards in establishments), and the particulars of

local regulations and customs. It is recommended to

have adequate travel and medical insurance and to

make photocopies of identity documents. The

assembly of a first-aid kit equipped with basic

analgesics, sunburn remedies, and rehydration

supplies improves the ability to respond promptly to

minor health issues. To maintain good health during

seaside visits, tourists should use UV-protected

sunscreen, stay well hydrated, and wear head

coverings. People with sensitive skin should avoid

prolonged exposure to the sun during peak UV hours.

If symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, or

rash occur, immediate medical attention should be

sought [60].

Water safety is another priority. Beach safety is

maintained by the Polish Volunteer Water Rescue

Service (Pol. – Wodne Ochotnicze Pogotowie

Ratunkowe – WOPR), which conducts rescue

operations and educational activities. Police and

municipal guards ensure public order and discourage

crime in popular resorts, while the Maritime Search

and Rescue Service (SAR) provides an emergency

response at sea. Coordinated actions among these

services and local authorities ensure rapid response to

emergencies and support the operation of medical and

information centres [100]. Visitors should swim only in

lifeguarded areas, observe flag-based warning systems

(red – no swimming, yellow – caution, green – safe),

avoid prohibited entry points and never enter the

water after drinking alcohol [101]. They should also be

educated about the safety of the rip current safety,

namely, swimming parallel to the shore rather than

against the current is key if caught in one. To enhance

beach safety for families with children, it is

recommended to use preventive wristbands. These are

distributed by some WOPR units or can be purchased

independently. These wristbands include the child’s

name and the parents’ phone number [23]. Although

small and inexpensive, they can be extremely helpful.

During peak season, beaches are often very crowded,

and many windbreaks look alike, making it difficult for

a lost child to find their parents on their own. Such a

973

wristband significantly increases the chances of a quick

and safe reunion. It is recommended to use preventive

wristbands for children, which are distributed by some

WOPR units or can be purchased independently. These

wristbands include the child’s name and the parents’

phone number. Although small and inexpensive, they

can be extremely helpful. The more that, during peak

season, beaches are often very crowded, and many

windbreaks look alike, making it difficult for a lost

child to find their parents on their own. Such a

wristband significantly increases the chances of saving

the child quickly [23].

Sanitary and epidemiological safety includes not

only rigorous food hygiene standards, but also regular

inspections of accommodation and dining facilities.

Tourists are encouraged to choose venues with positive

reviews, current bacteriological certifications, and clear

compliance with HACCP protocols [102, 103].

Automated ice cream dispensers must ensure regular

maintenance and disinfection, while hospitality

providers must conduct ongoing hygiene training for

staff. Public health authorities should intensify

inspections during the peak season [104]. In cases of

food poisoning or allergic reactions, tourists should

seek medical help and notify sanitary services to help

track the source of contamination [105].

Environmental cleanliness is a critical aspect of

tourist health and safety. Air and water quality should

be continuously monitored using data from the Chief

Inspectorate of Environmental Protection stations and

HELCOM reports. This information should be shared

with a wider audience through public health bulletins

to raise awareness among tourists visiting polish

coastal destinations. If cyanobacterial blooms or

bacteriological contamination exceed safety limits,

bathing areas must be immediately closed to the public

and such information should be widely publicized to

increase tourists’ awareness of this environmental

threats.

Environmental education also plays an essential

role. Awareness and concern for the environment

should also be fostered not only through education in

schools, but also via preventive programs, and diverse,

large-scale social campaigns [23]. These efforts should

include disseminating information through the media,

including social media, to reach the wider community.

Moreover, tourists particularly, should be encouraged

to reduce waste, respect protected areas and comply

with local environmental regulations to help maintain

a clean and safe recreational space. Modern

technologies support these initiatives. Mobile

applications offering real-time updates on weather,

water quality, and medical services provide valuable

support for travellers [106]. Pollution levels can be

continuously monitored using platforms such as the

AQICN Poland map

(https://aqicn.org/map/poland/pl/). Surveillance

systems on beaches and public spaces aid in early

hazards, while storm-warning networks enable swift

responses to emerging threats.

4 CONCLUSIONS

The Baltic Sea areas are rich in natural, landscape and

health resort values, and therefore the vast majority of

this area is characterized by extraordinary tourist

attractiveness [1]. Therefore, in this context, ensuring

the long-term quality of the natural environment, in

addition to the quality of leisure experiences and the

safety of tourists during their seaside holidays, is of

great importance [94]. Unfortunately, the limited scope

of research on tourist safety in the Baltic Sea region

reveals a significant gap in the existing literature,

particularly in light of the growing appeal as a travel

destination. The complex interplay of environmental,

geopolitical, and social factors unique to the Baltic Sea

highlights the pressing need for a comprehensive and

multidimensional approach to understanding and

mitigating tourism-related risks. The more that,

tourism continues to be a key driver of local economic

activity in Poland’s coastal regions.

In recent years, tourism has evolved into a

widespread social phenomenon, influencing not only

the lifestyles and leisure preferences of tourists visiting

coastal areas but also having huge impact on the

natural environment [1]. Coastal municipalities clearly

recognise the advantages of leveraging their natural

assets to stimulate tourism-oriented economic

development. They utilise these resources to revitalise

local markets driven by tourism. Unfortunately, the

complexity and sensitivity of natural systems are often

overlooked, especially in the face of destructive human

activities driven by external pressures and the pursuit

of rapid and short-term profits [1]. Thus, although the

Baltic Sea is a popular holiday destination for millions

of tourists, its fragile ecosystem is increasingly

threatened by ongoing environmental degradation. If

this continues, the appeal of the Polish seaside may

strongly diminish, resulting in a serious economic

decline [107].

One of the fundamental issues in many coastal areas

is the insufficient understanding of their spatial

development. The absence of clear behavioural models

and comprehensive design guidelines often leads to

random, uncoordinated actions that frequently result

in the degradation, often irreversible, of the natural

qualities of the environment [1]. To counteract this, it is

essential to implement holistic protection plans and

sustainable management strategies that respect the

unique characteristics and natural processes of coastal

regions. Such approaches offer an effective path

toward developing tourism without compromising the

ecosystems on which it fundamentally relies [1]. In

contrast, hasty and poorly planned technical

interventions that permanently alter the landscape are

likely to lead to long-term failures in tourism

development.

In addition, the growing focus on issues such as

plastic pollution and waste management signals an

increasing awareness of the need for long-term

solutions to protect the ecological integrity. These

insights can guide policymakers and industry

stakeholders in designing targeted strategies that

enhance regional resilience, support sustainable

growth, and drive innovation in tourism practices.

Finally, although there is nothing reprehensible in

taking advantage of the natural landscapes and using

other goods of nature by tourists visiting coastal areas,

there is a need to constantly emphasize them the

importance of taking care of the surrounding nature

[1], which allows the current generation to properly

974

preserve them for future ones. Therefore, adequate

education is strongly recommended, to increase tourist

sensitivity and their environmental awareness.

Reassuming, by promoting cross-sector

collaboration, stakeholders can craft integrated

strategies that balance economic development with

environmental protection and visitor well-being in this

sensitive and dynamic region. Thematic clustering

reflects the multidimensional nature of tourism

management challenges and opportunities in the Baltic

Sea area. Inclusion of topics such as regional

cooperation, environmental impact, infrastructure

development, and health tourism points to a holistic

perspective, one that considers both local priorities and

global concerns.

As a closing note, the current study makes useful

contributions to the existing knowledge underscoring

the potential for the Baltic Sea region to serve as a

valuable model for exploring sustainable tourism

practices. Addressing the current lack of safety and

threat-orientated studies could not only advance

theoretical insights but also inform the development of

practical frameworks for risk management in tourism.

Therefore, future research should address the question

of how to improve interdisciplinary collaboration,

bringing together experts in marine sciences, tourism

management, and risk assessment, in order to

significantly strengthen both the safety and

sustainability of tourism in the Baltic region.

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