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1 INTRODUCTION
The maritime transportation sector is one of the leading
contributors to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and
air pollution, accounting for approximately 3% of
global GHG emissions annually [48]. Ports, as key hubs
in the maritime supply chain, are significant sources of
air pollution due to activities such as ship
manoeuvring, cargo handling, and road transport
within port areas.
A Thematic Review of Port Services and Emission
Reduction Strategies Using ATLAS.ti
N. Acomi , G. Surugiu, G. Raicu & C. Stanca
Constanta Maritime University, Constanta, Romania
ABSTRACT: The maritime industry plays a dual role as a critical driver of global trade and a significant
contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) and air pollutant emissions, posing challenges to environmental
sustainability. As key nodes in the global supply chain, ports face mounting pressure to adopt greener practices.
This study synthesises insights from contemporary scientific research articles, highlighting best practices,
successful case studies, and obstacles in implementing emission reduction strategies and environmentally
friendly port services worldwide.
A two-step mixed-methods approach was utilised, combining a systematic review of literature with qualitative
data analysis. The PRISMA methodology guided the selection of 27 peer-reviewed articles from the Web of
Science Core Collection, spanning the period from 2015 to 2024. Subsequently, thematic coding and
comprehensive analysis were conducted using Computer-Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software
(CAQDAS) ATLAS.ti, enabling a structured synthesis of findings related to port services and emission reduction
strategies.
Through this analysis, three critical themes emerged as essential for enhancing environmental sustainability in
port operations: innovative technologies for emission reduction, data-driven optimization for port efficiency, and
policies and governance for green ports. Drivers such as financial incentives, advanced technologies, and
regulatory frameworks were identified, alongside barriers like economic feasibility, technical challenges, and
organisational resistance. These themes reveal the interconnected nature of sustainability efforts and the need for
collaborative strategies to overcome existing obstacles.
By identifying key drivers and challenges, this research offers valuable insights for advancing sustainable
practices in port operations. The findings underscore the importance of aligning technological, operational, and
policy-driven measures to foster environmental efficiency while mitigating emissions.
This study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on sustainable port operations, providing actionable
insights for stakeholders and policymakers in the maritime industry to support the transition toward greener and
more efficient port practices.
http://www.transnav.eu
the International Journal
on Marine Navigation
and Safety of Sea Transportation
Volume 19
Number 2
June 2025
DOI: 10.12716/1001.19.02.14
448
Reducing carbon emissions is a fundamental goal
for the transition towards more sustainable human
societies, and it is reflected in official goals and political
strategies of supranational authorities and
intergovernmental bodies at the global level [9]. Given
this context, it is necessary to consider the various
strategies and initiatives aimed at mitigating the
environmental impact of port activities. In present
times, reducing emissions in port areas is a
fundamental goal for the global maritime industry and
policy agendas, driven by international frameworks
like the International Maritime Organization (IMO)’s
Initial Strategy on the Reduction of GHG Emissions
from Ships [17], and regional initiatives such as the
European Union’s Green Deal [11]. In addition,
initiatives like the EU Emission Trading System [10]
and national-level subsidies for green port
technologies such as environmental incentive and
infrastructure subsidy [42] laid the groundwork for
more comprehensive environmental management
frameworks. These efforts are particularly critical for
improving air quality in coastal urban areas and
mitigating climate change impacts.
In this broader context, energy-related issues have
acquired increasing centrality in the current agenda of
sustainable port development and decarbonisation
strategies [6]. Ports are increasingly focusing on energy
transition measures such as renewable energy
integration, energy-efficient technologies, and
alternative fuels like liquefied natural gas (LNG) and
hydrogen [41].
The concept of green ports has also been underlined
as crucial to explain how ports can simultaneously
reduce their environmental footprint and enhance
operational efficiency and is particularly interesting in
the domain of sustainability and governance.
Port administrations are an important player in this
transition, as they are responsible for implementing
emission control measures, such as onshore power
supply (OPS) systems and cold ironing infrastructure,
alongside regulatory compliance and operational
improvements. The Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC) [18] and the World Port
Climate Initiative (WPCI) [51] provide essential
frameworks and guidelines for quantifying
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in port operations.
These standards enable ports to measure and monitor
their environmental impact accurately, setting the
foundation for effective emission reduction strategies
[29]. Besides the frameworks, there are also
technological intervention, such as Port of Valencia,
where the implementation of renewable energy
strategies reduced emissions by 17% [4]. Moreover,
emission inventories have revealed that pollutants
such as NOx, SOx, and PM10 significantly impact air
quality in port cities [23]. In addition, ship operators
play a critical role by adopting emission reduction
technologies such as LNG-powered engines and
exhaust gas cleaning systems.
In order to accelerate the transition towards greener
ports, it is crucial to identify the key drivers of emission
reduction strategies, such as policy incentives,
collaborative frameworks, and technological
advancements.
Numerous studies have highlighted efforts to
integrate sustainable practices and green technologies
into port operations. There are few research studies
that discuss emission reduction measures in seaports
from various perspectives: technological aspects
onboard vessels and within land area [5], policy and
management perspectives [2], various emission
reduction measures in ports [50], and presentation of
various models of implementation of solutions
towards zero emissions [41].
However, the implementation of these initiatives
remains at varying stages of development across
different ports. This disparity underscores the need for
more in-depth research to identify the challenges faced
and the solutions adopted by the most advanced ports,
offering valuable insights for accelerating
sustainability in the sector.
This study is based on a critical literature analysis
with the support of computer assisted qualitative data
analysis software (CAQDAS) of recent scientific
articles on port emissions and sustainability port
services. Throughout the research, the authors focus on
the main research question: What are the key drivers
and challenges in enhancing environmental efficiency
and implementing emission reduction strategies in
port operations? Addressing this question involves
investigating best practices, successful case studies,
and obstacles in implementing various emission
reduction strategies across global ports, encompassing
technological, operational, and policy-driven
measures.
The sections of the article are structured as follows:
research methodology including the sampling strategy
and qualitative data analysis method, research findings
on the key drivers and challenges in achieving
environmental efficiency in ports, and finally,
discussion and conclusions presented along with
limitations and further research.
2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Aiming to investigate the key drivers and barriers to
implementing various emission reduction strategies
across global ports, the authors used a mixed-methods
research design: A systematic selection of articles
combined with qualitative data analysis CAQDAS.
This approach ensures a structured synthesis of the
articles while enabling to highlight insights across
emission monitoring, sustainability policies,
technological innovations, and port performance
metrics.
2.1 Data collection
The data collection process involved a systematic
selection of articles focusing on emission reduction
strategies, operational solutions, technological
innovations, and policy frameworks in port service
operations. Articles were selected using the PRISMA
2020 methodology [15]. The initial search formula
presented in Table 1 was used to select the articles
based on their direct relevance to the research question,
ensuring that the studies are aligned with the focus on
enhancing environmental efficiency and sustainability
in port operations. The next step was dedicated to
timeframe selection. Only articles published within the
last decade were included to ensure the use of recent
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and relevant data reflecting current practices and
innovations in the port services operations and
environmental sustainability. A further refinement of
the selected publications was carried out to ensure the
selection of peer-reviewed articles, appropriate for the
qualitative analysis. The filtering process adhered to a
systematic approach, narrowing the dataset to the open
access studies. Finally, a title and abstract screening
was conducted to exclude studies that did not perfectly
align with the core research themes.
Table 1. Systematic refinement of the publications
Parameter
Count
The initial
search
formula
97
Time frame
selection
90
Document
type
selection
78
Open
Access
28
Relevance
Assessment
27
Figure 1. PRISMA flow diagram for systematic reviews
The 27 relevant publications were then subjected to
an in-depth qualitative analysis using the Computer-
Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software
(CAQDAS) tool, ATLAS.ti v.25. This step enabled a
deeper exploration of the key themes, drivers, and
challenges in the field, laying the groundwork for a
comprehensive understanding of sustainable practices
in port emissions management. The qualitative
analysis phase provided nuanced insights that
complemented the bibliometric findings, bridging the
gap between quantitative trends and detailed content
interpretation.
Authors used ATLAS.ti v.25, to systematically
organise, code, and analyse data extracted from the
selected scientific articles on emission reduction
strategies in ports. Like any other CAQDAS program,
ATLAS.ti, does not actually analyse data; it is simply a
tool for supporting the process of qualitative data
analysis [13]. The authors chose ATLAS.ti for its robust
capabilities in handling complex qualitative datasets,
enabling the identification of themes, relationships,
and patterns across diverse sources. The software
facilitates a transparent and replicable coding process,
which is essential for ensuring the reliability and
validity of the analysis. Its advanced features allow for
a comprehensive exploration of connections between
codes, offering insights into the key drivers, challenges,
and opportunities for enhancing environmental
efficiency in port operations. Rather than taking
control away from the researcher, ATLAS.ti enables
authors to solve a range of methodological challenges,
such as working with large data-sets and supporting
deeper levels of analysis than is possible by hand [33].
In addition, the software provides the "ability to
express relationships between codes, concepts, and
themes in a range of different ways, and often these
cannot be represented in a hierarchical list" [40].
2.2 Data preparation
The data included in the preparation process to be
analysed in this study consists of the titles, abstracts,
and key sections from 27 peer-reviewed articles
selected during the bibliometric and systematic
literature review phase. The selected articles were
imported into ATLAS.ti v25. Each document was pre-
processed to ensure clarity and uniformity, with
metadata such as publication year, authors, and
themes recorded for contextual reference. The text was
cleaned to remove irrelevant content to focus solely on
the research objectives.
A hybrid coding approach was adopted, combining
deductive, inductive techniques and Artificial
Intelligence suggestions. For deductive coding the
authors developed a set of predefined codes based on
the research objectives: "Emission reduction
strategies", "Data-driven solutions", " Energy efficiency
technologies", and "Policy". Additional codes,
inductive, were generated during the analysis as new
themes emerged from the data, ensuring flexibility in
capturing unexpected insights. The features of
ATLAS.ti were utilised, with AI-assisted code
generation employed and subsequently reviewed and
filtered by the authors.
Each article was systematically reviewed to identify
text segments relevant to the research questions. These
segments were highlighted and coded using ATLAS.ti.
Codes were organised into families to represent
broader categories or themes, such as "Technological
drivers" or "Policy challenges." The relationships
between codes were explored using the network
mapping tool, enabling a deeper understanding of how
different factors interact to influence emission
reduction efforts.
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2.3 Analysis and interpretation
Thematic analysis was conducted to identify recurring
themes and patterns across the articles. Queries were
run in ATLAS.ti to explore co-occurrence of codes and
to highlight areas of convergence and divergence
among the studies. For instance, the co-occurrence of
"Policy frameworks" and "Technological innovations"
was examined to understand how regulations drive the
adoption of green technologies. The NCT method:
Noticing, Collecting, and Thinking, proposed by Friese
[13], lets analysis move among the three vertices
(noticing important information, associating those
findings and interpreting them in an intelligent
manner), allowing the methodological process to be
creative, flexible and resourceful [28]. The network
feature of ATLAS.ti software was used to illustrate
how the codes surrounding work-related problems
were further discussed in the theme creation process
[32]. Codes that all contributed to, or impacted the port
services emissions, and the port efficiency and
sustainability were drawn into a network and
connected to each other. This was not an automatic
method [43]. The software creates no connections or
names the links. The software only provides the
authors with space for conceptual thought.
3 RESEARCH RESULTS
The results highlight various factors that significantly
influence environmental efficiency in port operations,
promoting sustainability and reducing emissions
within port areas. These factors are comprehensively
summarised in Table 2.
Table 2. Distribution of quotations (n=103) according to
codes (11) of influential factors
Codes
Quotations
%
Theme 1. INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES FOR
EMISSION REDUCTION
Energy efficiency technologies (LED lighting,
energy-efficient cranes, solar panels)
9
8.74
Alternative fuels (LNG, biofuels, hydrogen, clean
fuel)
9
8.74
Emission reduction strategies (Cold ironing,
shore power, scrubbers)
16
15.53
Automation and digitalisation (Automated
cranes, smart port, automated container
terminals)
10
9.70
Theme 2. DATA-DRIVEN OPTIMIZATION FOR
PORT EFFICIENCY
Optimisation techniques (Berth scheduling
algorithms, quay crane allocation models)
3
2.91
Data-driven solutions (Big data, AI, digital twins,
predictive maintenance, traffic flow optimisation,
decision-making, sensors)
7
6.80
Performance metrics (Vessel turnaround time,
fuel efficiency metrics)
7
6.80
Theme 3. POLICIES AND GOVERNANCE FOR
GREEN PORTS
International regulations (IMO’s MARPOL
Annex VI, EU Green Deal)
7
6.80
National and regional policies (Subsidies,
incentives, green port initiatives)
14
13.59
Stakeholder collaboration (Public-private
partnerships, port authority initiatives)
7
6.80
Environmental sustainability (Local air quality,
community health, social impact)
14
13.59
Total: 11
Total: 103
100
The codes were structured into three overarching
themes: (1) Innovative technologies for emission
reduction, (2) Data-driven optimization for port
efficiency, and (3) Policies and governance for green
ports. These themes, identified as critical by the
authors, address the key challenges of enhancing
environmental sustainability and operational
efficiency in port operations while mitigating
emissions. Each theme is linked to the codes based on
their co-occurrence, providing a comprehensive
framework for analysis. Figure 2 synthesises these
findings, illustrating the key themes and their
interconnections.
Figure 2. Key themes and interconnections
The research progressed to the next stage, utilising
Atlas.ti software analysis tools to establish associations
between quotations, codes, and memos. This phase
also involved synthesising the results using the
network formation feature, with the objective of
emphasising key drivers for enhancing environmental
efficiency in port operations and understanding the
challenges faced in implementing emission reduction
strategies.
3.1 Innovative technologies for emission reduction
The theme “Innovative technologies for emission
reduction” represents more than 40% of the quotations
and includes the following innovative technologies
contributing to emission reduction, as synthesised by
the codes: energy efficiency technologies, emission
reduction strategies, the use of alternative fuels, and
automation and digitalisation within port operations.
Figure 3 summarises this theme, highlighting the
drivers and challenges or barriers encountered.
Figure 3. Innovative technologies for emission reduction -
key drivers and challenges
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3.1.1 Energy efficiency technologies
Innovative technologies for energy efficiency are
transforming port operations by reducing emissions
and promoting sustainability. Financial and technical
incentives provided by port authorities enable the
adoption of energy-saving equipment, such as LED
illumination systems, which significantly cut energy
consumption by leveraging occupant position and
daylight dispersal [22]. Additionally, the replacement
of truck fleets and efforts to minimise idling periods at
gates contribute to lower emissions and improved air
quality. Advanced technologies like AI, big data, and
IoT offer robust support for intelligent shipping and
green port construction [52], enhancing operational
efficiency and environmental performance. The
deployment of waste reception facilities also plays a
pivotal role in mitigating ship-generated pollution,
advancing sustainable practices within port areas [46].
Despite the potential of energy-efficient
technologies, their adoption faces significant barriers,
particularly in underdeveloped nations. High costs,
limited access to technology transfer, and outdated
management practices hinder the implementation of
environmentally friendly solutions like RTG cranes
[14]. Ports in these regions struggle with inadequate
financial support and infrastructure, which
exacerbates disparities in technology adoption [21].
Moreover, external measures such as enhancing inland
waterways and hinterland connections require
administrative and logistical support, which may be
lacking in less developed areas [20]. These challenges
highlight the urgent need for coordinated efforts to
bridge technological and financial gaps to enable
widespread adoption of energy-efficient innovations.
3.1.2 Alternative fuels
Alternative fuels such as liquefied natural gas
(LNG), biodiesel, and clean fuels have emerged as
significant drivers in reducing emissions in maritime
operations. The 2014 Directive 2014/94/EC established
a framework for deploying alternative fuel
infrastructure, including LNG and hydrogen refuelling
points, to minimize oil dependence and mitigate
environmental impacts [8]. Studies [16] have
highlighted the potential of combining alternative fuels
with hybrid power systems to enhance sustainability
and emission reduction. Biodiesel fuels, due to their
renewable nature and reduced pollution impact, are
increasingly regarded as viable options for sustainable
transport sectors [52]. Moreover, innovative energy
measures such as electrification and smart
technologies, including artificial intelligence and
blockchain, further drive advancements in this area
[26].
While they hold great potential, the implementation
of alternative fuels is facing several barriers, including
economic feasibility and technical challenges. For
instance, switching from residual to distillate fuels or
utilizing hybrid fuel blends requires significant
adjustments to existing systems [3]. The infrastructure
costs for deploying LNG, hydrogen, and biodiesel
facilities remain high, limiting their widespread
adoption. Additionally, the variability in
thermophysical properties of these fuels compared to
conventional fuels presents compatibility challenges
for current maritime engines [30]. Lastly, the focus of
existing mitigation strategies often excludes
comprehensive integration, leaving gaps in addressing
alternative fuel deployment holistically.
3.1.3 Emission reduction strategies
Innovative strategies like shore power technology
and cold-ironing facilities are at the forefront of
emission reduction efforts in ports. Shore power
technology significantly reduces CO₂ emissions by
supplying electric power to vessels during berthing,
eliminating the need for auxiliary diesel engines [27].
This approach not only benefits the environment but
also aligns with the green port strategy, as it reduces
energy consumption by up to 75% and offers long-term
economic advantages [22]. Renewable energy sources
like wind turbines and photovoltaic systems enhance
the sustainability of onshore power systems, making
them a cornerstone of low-carbon port initiatives.
Additionally, technologies like solar-based hybrid
energy systems and energy management components
in port machinery contribute to operational efficiency
and reduced energy use during port activities [22]. For
example, storing and utilising energy during hoist-
down and hoist-up movements can significantly save
power.
Despite their potential, emission reduction
strategies face significant barriers. High initial
investment costs and expensive electricity prices limit
the widespread adoption of shore power technology,
especially in underdeveloped regions [27]. The lack of
shore power infrastructure in many ports discourages
ship operators from retrofitting their vessels to use
these systems [1]. Furthermore, the effectiveness of
cold ironing depends heavily on the availability of
renewable energy sources for onshore electricity.
Financial constraints, including the capital required for
pre-development and operational phases of green port
projects, further impede implementation [21]. Ports in
underdeveloped nations struggle with limited access
to advanced technology and resources, widening the
gap between regions in adopting emission reduction
strategies.
3.1.4 Automation and digitalisation
Automation and digitalisation offer transformative
potential for improving port efficiency and reducing
emissions. Technologies like automated guided
vehicles (AGVs) and electronic gantry cranes optimise
energy consumption by managing resources based on
real-time data and minimising energy usage [22].
Simulation models of container terminals, including
dynamic allocation programming models for quay
cranes, help streamline operations, reducing
bottlenecks and operational inefficiencies [34].
Additionally, advanced discrete choice models like the
Multinomial Logit Model (MNL) provide frameworks
for decision-making in resource allocation and
behaviour prediction, enhancing planning accuracy in
automated systems [12].
Although highly promising, the adoption of
automation and digitalisation encounters significant
barriers, mainly due to financial constraints. The cost
of upgrading facilities and implementing technologies
such as clean trucks and automated cranes remains a
challenge, especially for underfunded ports [46].
Moreover, the lack of standardised guidelines for
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integrating digital solutions into complex port
environments can lead to inefficiencies [37].
3.2 Data-driven optimization for port efficiency
The theme “Data-driven optimization for port
Efficiency” was the least represented, accounting for
16.51% of the quotations. It is summarised by the
following codes: data-driven solutions, optimisation
techniques, and performance metrics onboard ships
and within port operations. Figure 4 provides a
comprehensive overview of this theme.
Figure 4. Data-driven optimization for port efficiency - key
drivers and challenges
3.2.1 Optimisation techniques
Optimization techniques are important for
enhancing the efficiency and sustainability of port
operations. The use of advanced algorithms, such as
hybrid parallel genetic algorithms, enables the
improvement of critical processes like berth allocation
and quay crane assignment [34]. These techniques
ensure more effective resource utilization, reducing
delays and operational inefficiencies. Additionally,
designing hinterland transportation systems and
implementing efficient inland logistics planning
contribute significantly to economic and
environmental performance, steering ports closer to
achieving green port status [3]. These advancements
highlight the potential of optimization to streamline
operations while promoting sustainability in port
management.
Despite the evident benefits, significant challenges
hinder the full implementation of optimization
techniques. Nonlinear solutions in multi-objective and
large-scale scenarios are particularly complex, posing
technical difficulties that require substantial
computational resources and expertise [26]. Moreover,
adapting these techniques to diverse port settings with
varying operational requirements can be a daunting
task. The lack of standardization and limited
availability of tailored algorithms further complicates
the integration process, making optimization a critical
yet challenging area for research and development.
3.2.2 Data-driven solutions
The integration of advanced technologies such as
Artificial Intelligence (AI), big data, and the Internet of
Things (IoT) has become a significant driver for data-
driven solutions in ports. The deployment of
environmental sensors, including vessel traffic systems
and Automatic Identification Systems (AIS), enables
the monitoring of air and noise pollution, sludge, and
water quality, enhancing ecological oversight [46].
These tools offer unprecedented opportunities for
intelligent ship identification and maritime traffic flow
supervision, with widespread adoption reported in
various countries [52]. The visualization of massive
datasets further empowers researchers and
stakeholders by mapping the state, subjects, and
boundaries of study areas, thus fostering a
comprehensive understanding of port operations and
enabling informed decision-making. Moreover, the
application of machine learning and deep learning
algorithms is laying the foundation for greater
autonomy in intelligent ships, reducing operational
costs while improving efficiency and safety.
While the rapid technological advancements have
been made, significant challenges still obstruct the full
implementation of data-driven solutions in ports. One
major barrier is the limited development of training
initiatives aimed at educating port managers and other
stakeholders about the adoption of digital platforms
and IoT-based systems [8]. Without a shift in
awareness and behavioural attitudes, the potential of
these technologies remains underutilised.
Additionally, the reliance on open data and IoT
requires robust infrastructure and data
standardisation, which many ports lack. Further,
integrating these technologies into existing operations
presents significant difficulties, especially in regions
with limited financial or technical resources. Even
platforms like the web-based Port-MIS, which aim to
streamline port operations, highlight the need for
broader adoption and harmonisation across the sector
[53]. These challenges point to the necessity of strategic
training, infrastructure investment, and policy
alignment to overcome existing barriers.
3.2.3 Performance metrics
Performance metrics play a crucial role in
improving environmental sustainability and
operational efficiency in port operations. The adoption
of advanced technologies, such as the Automatic
Identification System (AIS), has significantly enhanced
the estimation of ship emission inventories, providing
accurate data for monitoring and decision-making [31].
Similarly, evaluation mechanisms like the APEC Green
Port Incentive Scheme, the European Sea Ports
Organization’s Eco-Ports standard, and the Green
Marine Program have established comprehensive
frameworks to assess and enhance environmental
performance [26]. These indicators not only secure the
ecological balance of port environments but also
contribute to their economic growth. Furthermore,
industry and academia’s focus on intelligent maritime
monitoring and ship behaviour recognition
underscores a growing commitment to improving
maritime safety and reducing environmental risks [52].
Despite advancements, several barriers hinder the
effective use of performance metrics in port operations.
Contractual and technical barriers limit the ability of
stakeholders to utilise data effectively, such as
optimising ship speeds en route [45]. Additionally,
ports like Busan Port face challenges in establishing
continuous monitoring systems and gaining access to
453
data-driven emission calculation methods [53]. The
lack of tools for calculating social and environmental
costs further complicates efforts to measure and
improve performance [3]. Furthermore, the
implementation of innovative fuel monitoring systems
remains limited in scale [24], indicating a need for
broader adoption and integration across the industry.
3.3 Policies and governance for green ports
The final theme, “Policy and governance for green
ports”, holds significant importance, accounting for
40% of the quotations. This theme encompasses the
following codes: international regulations, national
and regional policies, stakeholder collaboration, and
environmental sustainability. Figure 5 provides a
detailed summary of it.
Figure 5. Policies and governance for green ports - key
drivers and challenges
3.3.1 International regulations
International regulations, spearheaded by
organisations such as the International Maritime
Organization (IMO) and the Marine Environment
Protection Committee (MEPC), are driving sustainable
practices in the maritime and port sectors. Frameworks
such as MARPOL Annex VI impose strict limitations
on emissions of SOx, NOx, and particulate matter,
which have been effective in curbing air pollution [45],
[12]. Additionally, amendments such as the 2005/33/EC
Directive establish Sulfur Emission Control Areas
(SECAs), mandating the use of low-sulphur fuels to
reduce harmful emissions. These international
standards not only aim to improve air quality but also
encourage the adoption of cleaner fuels and green
technologies, fostering environmental sustainability
globally [8]. The global sulphur limit of marine fuels
demonstrates the ongoing commitment of regulatory
bodies and flag states to reducing emissions, which
aligns with broader global climate goals [45], [19].
Although highly significant, international
regulations encounter implementation challenges,
particularly in enforcement and compliance. A notable
issue is the absence of robust sanction mechanisms for
non-compliance, which limits the effectiveness of
policies like MARPOL Annex VI [19]. While many
seaports voluntarily adhere to these regulations,
enforcement inconsistencies reduce their impact.
Moreover, the high cost of transitioning to low-sulphur
fuels and clean technologies presents a financial
burden for shipping companies and ports, especially in
developing regions.
3.3.2 National and regional policies
National regulations and policies are among the
most important factors in advancing green port
initiatives and sustainability practices. Incentive-based
programs, such as the Vessel Speed Reduction
Incentive Program (VSRIP), demonstrate effective
strategies by offering financial rewards for emission-
reduction measures [54]. For example, ships
participating in designated emission reduction zones
can receive significant dockage refunds, fostering
compliance. Additionally, pilot projects initiated by the
Ministry of Transport of China have boosted
confidence in energy conservation and emission
reduction through special funding for innovative
projects, further encouraging the adoption of green
practices [25]. As highlighted in the China’s Guiding
Opinions on Building World-Class Ports [36], the
national frameworks are required for the alignment of
national requirements with policy incentives.
Governance frameworks for green and smart port
encourage ports to take responsibility to elevate
greening to a new height and enhance social
responsibility [7]. Establishing high-quality inland
waterway transport infrastructure to connect seaports
with the hinterland serves as a key enabler within
national policies, providing a competitive advantage in
the port services market while aligning seamlessly
with sustainable port strategies and with global
sustainability goals [20]. Proactive measures, such as
market-based incentives and command-and-control
policies, also enable ports to comply with
environmental regulations and adopt advanced
abatement technologies [45], thereby fostering
sustainability and reducing environmental risks.
While these drivers support the greening of ports,
significant challenges remain in implementing national
regulations. A lack of financial support and outdated
management practices hinder the ability of many ports
to comply with stringent sustainability requirements
[49]. High costs associated with infrastructure
upgrades, development or retrofitting, further
exacerbate the issue, especially in less affluent regions
[19]. Monitoring and enforcement mechanisms also
remain a critical challenge, with difficulties arising in
quantifying real emissions (e.g., SO2 and NOx) and
ensuring compliance [8]. Moreover, administrative
barriers and limited awareness of green port
philosophy among stakeholders present obstacles to
achieving broader adoption of sustainable practices [7].
These issues underline the need for collaborative
efforts, enhanced funding mechanisms, and stronger
regulatory enforcement at the national level.
3.3.3 Stakeholder collaboration
Effective partnerships among stakeholder
contributes to green port development and
environmental sustainability. From the perspective of
long-term sustainable development, the active
engagement of ocean carriers with ship manufacturers,
port authorities, central and local governments, and
other stakeholders facilitates a deeper understanding
of green port issues and keeps stakeholders informed
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of development trends [47]. By fostering these
partnerships, ocean carriers can effectively adopt and
implement mitigation strategies to support long-term
sustainable development. Collaborative frameworks
like the Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy
demonstrate the potential of multi-port cooperation to
implement unified environmental strategies, such as
set up clear pollution reduction targets in various
pollution sources, such as ocean going vessels, harbour
vessels, cargo handling equipment, trucks, rail [38].
Moreover, ports like Santos emphasize environmental
priorities, including air quality, waste management,
and community relations, ensuring a holistic approach
to sustainability [3]. Access to EU funds and pro-
ecological investment initiatives further enables port
managers and other relevant stakeholders to
implement innovative projects and improve
infrastructure in coastal regions [19].
Establishing collaborative partnerships for financial
support remains a significant hurdle, as large-scale
green initiatives often involve high capital and
operational costs. Even so, a strategic framework for
financial support that provides mutual benefits to all
parties involved is urgently needed [1]. The absence of
consistent coordination among neighbouring ports and
shipping entities can delay progress, particularly in
areas requiring substantial investment [31]. In
addition, stakeholder collaboration may face
significant barriers and challenges, particularly in
aligning financial and policy priorities among diverse
government units, such as the Ministry of
Transportation and Communication, Ministry of
Economic Affairs, and the Environmental Protection
Administration [47]. However, achieving consensus on
budget allocation and financing mechanisms poses a
considerable challenge, as such decisions often involve
difficult trade-offs.
3.3.4 Environmental sustainability
Environmental sustainability in ports is driven by
the implementation of green practices, regulations, and
certifications. Ports like Kaohsiung, Keelung, and
Taichung in Taiwan have achieved Eco-Port
certifications, highlighting the effectiveness of policy
formulation and targeted implementations for
pollution reduction [46]. Green initiatives such as the
use of clean-burning low-sulfur fuels, environmentally
friendly materials, and waste-to-energy strategies
significantly contribute to enhancing sustainability and
competitiveness [39]. Furthermore, frameworks such
as Environmental Management Systems (EMS) and
ISO 14001 certifications provide structured approaches
for environmental monitoring and improvement [3],
[8]. The adoption of recycling programs and advanced
monitoring systems, like those implemented by TIPC,
ensures long-term environmental quality and effective
management of pollution sources [45].
Implementing environmental sustainability
initiatives in port areas faces several barriers despite
their recognised importance. Financial constraints
remain a significant hurdle, as green practices adoption
often require substantial investment. For example,
drayage operations inherently rely on a large fleet of
heavy-duty vehicles operating in concentrated areas,
which impact the local air quality [44]. Transitioning to
cleaner vehicle technologies, such as electric or
alternative fuel-powered trucks, requires substantial
upfront investment, and operators may resist due to
the financial burden. Workforce-related issues,
including a lack of training and limited access to
advanced environmental tools, impede progress [8].
Lastly, organisational inertia and resistance to deep
cultural and procedural changes act as significant
obstacles to achieving meaningful environmental
reforms [35]. Particularly in port operations,
entrenched practices and complex stakeholder
dynamics often hinder the adoption of
environmentally sustainable solutions.
4 DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
The overarching objective of this study was to identify
the key drivers for enhancing environmental efficiency
in port operations and to examine the challenges
associated with implementing emission reduction
strategies. Employing a systematic selection of articles
guided by the PRISMA methodology, coupled with
qualitative data analysis using the CAQDAS tool
Atlas.ti, the study ensures a structured and
comprehensive synthesis of insights. The research
focuses on three critical themes — innovative
technologies for emission reduction, data-driven
optimization for port efficiency, and policies and
governance for green ports — each essential for
addressing the dual challenges of enhancing
environmental sustainability and operational
efficiency in port services. The findings, presented
through visual graphs and detailed analyses,
underscore the interconnectedness of these themes and
their collective role in fostering sustainable port
operations while mitigating emissions. Key drivers and
barriers identified within each theme are explored in
depth, offering valuable insights for stakeholders
aiming to advance green port initiatives.
Innovative technologies such as energy-efficient
systems, alternative fuels, and automation have shown
significant potential in reducing emissions and
improving environmental outcomes. However,
barriers such as financial constraints, limited
infrastructure, and lack of standardised guidelines
highlight the need for collaborative efforts to bridge
technological gaps and ensure equitable adoption of
green technologies across different regions.
Data-driven optimization emerged as the least
represented category in this study, reflecting its
relatively nascent stage of adoption in port operations.
Despite this, the integration of advanced technologies,
including artificial intelligence, big data, and IoT, offers
transformative potential for monitoring and
optimising port efficiency. Challenges such as
inadequate training initiatives, infrastructure
limitations, and data standardisation issues underscore
the importance of strategic investment in capacity-
building and technology development. Performance
metrics further highlight the importance of accurate
data collection and analysis for informed decision-
making. Adoption of data-driven solutions requires a
concerted effort to harmonise technological
innovations with policy support.
Policies and governance are the most important for
facilitating the adoption of environmentally
455
sustainable practices in ports. International
frameworks such as MARPOL Annex VI and regional
policies like the EU Green Deal provide a strong
foundation for emissions regulation and green
initiatives. However, challenges in enforcement and
compliance, particularly in developing regions,
impede their effectiveness. The absence of consistent
stakeholder coordination among neighbouring ports
and shipping entities can delay progress. Furthermore,
environmental sustainability frameworks offer
structured approaches for monitoring and managing
port activities. At the same time, transitioning to
cleaner practices and technologies requires substantial
upfront investment, and stakeholders may resist due to
the financial burden. Addressing gaps in funding,
organisational inertia, and stakeholder alignment will
be key to realising the full potential of green ports.
In conclusion, the successful implementation of
green and energy-efficient solutions in port operations
is driven by key enablers such as financial incentives,
technological advancements, national and
internationals policies, and collaborative frameworks.
However, widespread adoption continues to face
significant barriers, including economic feasibility and
technical challenges. A major obstacle is the
insufficient development of training programs aimed
at equipping port managers and stakeholders with the
necessary skills to adopt digital and data-driven
platforms effectively. Addressing this gap has the
potential to transform this barrier into a key driver for
advancing sustainability and operational efficiency in
port operations. Furthermore, the reliance on open
data necessitates the establishment of robust
infrastructure, standardised protocols, and
frameworks for collaborative data utilisation—
resources that are currently unavailable in many ports.
Additionally, organisational inertia and resistance to
cultural and procedural changes present substantial
challenges, impeding the integration of
environmentally sustainable solutions within port
operations.
This study has a few limitations that should be
acknowledged. The primary limitation lies in the
restricted number of sources, as the data collection was
primarily conducted using a single platform, Web of
Science. While this platform is a resource for academic
literature, its exclusivity may have limited the diversity
of perspectives and publications included in the
analysis. Furthermore, accessibility issues arose, as
several relevant articles were not open access and were
consequently excluded during the systematic literature
review. These exclusions may have led to the omission
of potentially valuable insights, which could have
enriched the findings.
Further research should focus on identifying
region-specific challenges and opportunities to
implement sustainable practices in port operations.
Expanding the research to include interviews with
industry representatives and policymakers across
diverse geographical contexts would provide a more
nuanced understanding of the barriers and drivers
influencing green port initiatives globally.
ACKNOWLEGEMENT
Funded by the European Union. Views and opinions
expressed are however those of the authors only and do not
necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the
European Education and Culture Executive Agency
(EACEA). Neither the European Union nor the granting
authority can be held responsible for them. Project Number:
101139879.
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