417
1 INTRODUCTION
The maritime transport sector is complex and risky.
Marine accidents can cause casualties, losses of
property and cargo, and environmental pollution.
Marine accidents have posed a significant ongoing
challenge to the international maritime community
throughout history. In response to these accidents, the
maritime industry has created international
agreements improving safety standards, liability rules,
and environmental protection. [2] Marine accidents
often occur because of a series of errors rather than a
single mistake [6].
Renowned for its stunning natural beauty, the
Zadar archipelago is the Adriatic's most intricately
indented archipelago, comprising four groups of
islands: 24 larger islands and around 300 smaller islets
and rocks, with only 17 being inhabited [12].
Favourable climatic conditions also contribute to the
attractiveness of this area. Natural factors largely
determine tourist activity. Zadar's strategic location
makes it an important nautical tourism destination
[12]. The highest concentration of nautical tourism
activity occurs during July and August, with over 50%
of marina visits and overnight stays reported [14].
Maritime traffic in the Zadar area also fluctuates
seasonally. The seasonal nature of tourism creates
disparities in tourist activity, demand, and traffic flow,
both temporally and spatially [13]. Therefore, a study
of marine accidents was performed on a monthly basis.
Maritime traffic considers the Mali Ždrelac and
Mala Proversa passages in the Zadar area the busiest
and riskiest. This is particularly true during the
summer when the traffic is at its peak. The high
concentration of vessels in these narrow and shallow
sea areas increases the possibility of marine accidents.
Analysis of Marine Accidents within the Jurisdiction
of the Harbourmaster's Office Zadar: Identifying
the High-Risk Areas
T. Mavra, A. Zekić, A. Gundić & L. Grbić
University of Zadar, Zadar, Croatia
ABSTRACT: The paper analyses marine accidents in the area under the jurisdiction of the Harbourmaster's Office
Zadar. This research examines the categories of events, types of vessels, and the chronological distribution of
accidents. Marine accident analysis has revealed a high incidence rate involving boats, predominantly in summer,
and has highlighted several high-risk areas. The paper aims to identify the most common types of marine
accidents and the times of year when they are most likely to occur. Furthermore, this paper proposes preventive
measures to re-duce the risk of marine accidents and to enhance navigational safety. The recommendations in-
clude fostering cooperation between the Vessel Traffic Service and the masters, deploying smart cameras,
providing maritime traffic safety education, implementing regular data collection proce-dures, prohibiting
autopilot use in coastal waters, installing psychological floating barriers at des-ignated swimming areas, and
increasing the frequency of inspections during the summer months. The authors suggest implementing
preventive measures in high-risk areas, like Mali Ždrelac and Mala Proversa.
http://www.transnav.eu
the International Journal
on Marine Navigation
and Safety of Sea Transportation
Volume 19
Number 2
June 2025
DOI: 10.12716/1001.19.02.10
418
In summer, there is a significant increase in the number
of vessels, posing challenges regarding safety and
maritime traffic management.
This paper examines marine accidents in the Port of
Zadar area. The analysis details various aspects of
marine incidents: the type of incident, the vessel
involved, and their annual distribution. This analysis
examines several facets of marine incidents, including
type of event, vessel type, and yearly occurrence. The
research aims to determine which types of marine
accidents are most common, on which type of vessel,
and in which period of the year they most often occur.
Therefore, it is imperative to implement preventive
measures to improve navigational and overall
maritime safety, thus reducing maritime risk and
protecting both the sea and the coastline.
The article's structure comprises five key sections.
After the introduction, the second part defines marine
accidents. The article emphasises the marine accident
regulatory bodies in the Republic of Croatia. The third
part of the article analyses marine accidents in the area
under the jurisdiction of the Harbourmaster's Office
Zadar over a five-year period. The researchers based
their analysis on the event's nature, the vessel's type,
and its annual occurrence. The fourth part presents the
risk areas within the jurisdiction of the
Harbourmaster's Office and proposes measures to
improve safety. The last, fifth part, comprises
concluding comments.
2 MARINE ACCIDENTS AND THE AREA UNDER
THE JURISDICTION OF THE
HARBOURMASTER'S OFFICE ZADAR
Definitions of marine accidents differ between
countries and organisations that report them, making
it difficult to compare statistics in different areas [4].
The term "marine accident" or "marine casualty" refers
to an event or a sequence of events that has resulted in
the loss or damage of a ship, cargo, or other property
at sea. This type of accident often results in significant
expenses and can also cause human casualties,
including injuries or deaths among crew members,
passengers, or other persons [15]. When they happen,
marine accidents have a significant impact on the
environment, society, and economy [2].
Marine accidents do not happen randomly; they
stem from specific causes or a combination of various
factors. Such incidents are frequently attributed to
failures in human systems, structural system
malfunctions, and environmental influences affecting
these failures. [1,19]. These are typically attributed to
natural events, such as weather and route visibility, the
ship's hull stability and equipment condition, traffic
congestion, and the navigator's knowledge, skills, and
health [5]. Marine accidents can result in loss of life,
environmental pollution, and damage to the cargo and
vessels [21]. The most common types of marine
accidents are collision/contact, grounding, foundering,
fire, capsizing and sinking [3].
The consequences of marine accidents may include:
− the death or serious injury of a person occurring
directly in connection with the operations of the
ship or another watercraft,
− the loss of a person from a vessel resulting from or
related to its operation or exploitation,
− the loss, presumed loss or abandonment of a ship,
− significant damage to a vessel,
− the stranding, disabling, or collision of a ship, or,
− damage to maritime infrastructure facilities caused
by or related to the operation of the vessel,
− damage to the vessel that harms the marine
environment and arises from or is associated with
its operations [18].
In the Republic of Croatia, the Ministry of the Sea,
Transport, and Infrastructure is responsible for
surveying and investigating marine accidents.
The staff of the Harbourmaster's offices conduct
marine accident investigations. The Harbourmaster's
offices serve as the primary administrative authority
for navigation safety, executing administrative and
inspection duties within their legal framework [17].
They perform these activities to maintain safe, efficient,
and environmentally responsible maritime operations
within their jurisdiction.
There are eight Harbourmaster's offices in Croatia.
Figure 1 displays their areas of jurisdiction.
Figure 1. Areas under the jurisdiction of Harbourmaster's
offices. Source: [7]
The area of jurisdiction of the Harbourmaster's
Office Zadar, is marked in red. The Office comprises
seven branch offices. These are Biograd na Moru,
Novigrad, Starigrad Paklenica, Pag, Preko, Sali and
Silba. The branch offices perform tasks within the
scope of the head office in the cities and municipalities
outside the head office.
The independent investigative body, the Air,
Maritime and Rail Transport Casualty Investigation
Agency, conducts safety investigations into marine
accidents. The Agency's principal task is to determine
the causes of accidents to improve safety and prevent
similar marine accidents in the future. The agency
conducts detailed investigations and analyses all
relevant circumstances. Its findings often lead to
recommendations for improving safety standards and
procedures. The conclusion of each safety investigation
419
involves the release of a formal report summarising the
results [20].
3 ANALYSIS OF MARINE ACCIDENTS WITHIN
THE JURISDICTION OF THE
HARBOURMASTER'S OFFICE ZADAR
3.1 The total number of marine accidents
The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on
the development of maritime transport. Travel
restrictions implemented during the pandemic led to
substantially reduced maritime operations. Figure 2
shows the total number of marine accidents between
2019 and 2023.
Figure 2. The total number of marine accidents, 2019-2023
The highest number of marine accidents was
recorded in 2019. The following year saw a reduction
of roughly 40%. The trend continued to decline in 2021.
Marine accidents slightly increased in 2022 and were
followed by a considerably larger rise in 2023. Reduced
marine transport activities during the pandemic years
led to fewer marine accidents. The reduction in marine
accidents during global restrictions has emphasised the
critical necessity of implementing preventive
measures. These measures are crucial for improving
safety in everyday maritime operations.
3.2 Marine accidents by type of event
The Harbourmaster's offices record marine accidents
according to the nature of the event. Table 1 shows the
total number of marine accidents categorised by the
event type.
Table 1. The total number of marine accidents, 2019-2023.
Type of event / Year
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
Damage
17
8
9
2
5
Collision
30
11
15
15
30
Contact/impact/
strike
9
16
5
10
15
Grounding
23
18
7
15
13
Failure/Breakdown
10
8
11
5
2
Sinking
6
5
2
3
6
Flooding
10
5
2
1
1
Fire
2
1
3
4
5
Death
0
0
0
0
0
Pollution
0
1
0
0
0
Other*
15
2
2
2
1
* Capsizing, sea water ingress, a lightning strike, injury,
explosion, etc.
The highest number of damages was recorded in
2019, prior to the beginning of the COVID-19
pandemic. During the pandemic in 2020 and 2021,
there was a substantial drop in the number of damages.
This could be attributed to the decrease in maritime
traffic caused by the lockdown and movement
restrictions. This resulted in reduced vessel operations
and a lower incidence of potential damage. In 2022 and
2023, as measures gradually eased, a slight increase
was observed, though it did not reach pre-pandemic
levels.
Collisions were most frequent in 2019 and 2023.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of
reported collisions significantly reduced. In 2023, the
number of collisions was the same as in 2019. Collisions
most commonly arise from non-compliance with
COLREGs, failure to maintain a proper lookout and an
overreliance on autopilots.
2020 saw a significant increase in ship contacts, with
16 recorded incidents during the pandemic. In 2021,
the number of contacts dropped to five. It then
increased again to 15 in 2023, after the end of the
COVID-19 pandemic. The passage through Mali
Ždrelac serves as a specific illustra-tion of the contact
accident. The issue at hand is the mast's contact with
the bridge structure.
The number of groundings decreased from 23 in
2019 to seven in 2021, likely due to reduced maritime
traffic during the pandemic. Following the relaxation
of COVID-19 measures, there was a notable increase in
the number of groundings recorded during 2022 and
2023. Adverse weather conditions at sea are the main
factor contributing to the highest frequency of ground-
ings. Factors contributing to vessels running aground
include using unofficial or outdated naviga-tion charts
and publications, reliance on navigation aids such as
plotters and autopilots, and navi-gator fatigue.
The number of breakdowns declined after 2021. The
most frequent failures were related to the vessel's
engines.
Reduced vessel activity during the COVID-19
pandemic correlates with the lower number of sinkings
after 2019. In 2023, the resurgence of activity in
maritime transport led to an increase in the number of
sinkings. The most common reason for a vessel sinking
was a lack of proper maintenance.
A significant decrease in the frequency of flooding
events has been noted. Following the pan-demic, the
number of flooding incidents has stayed low. This
observation may suggest an im-provement in
operational procedures and/or a reduction in the
intensity of vessel operations.
Ship fires were the most common maritime
incidents reported in 2023, possibly because of higher
shipping activity. Most ship fires result from poor
maintenance and insufficient crew training. Another
important factor leading to fires on vessels is the
neglect of proper bunkering proce-dures.
No deaths were recorded during the observed
period. This might signify compliance with the safety
protocols.
Only a single pollution incident was recorded
during the monitored period; in 2020.
Marine accidents in the "other" category were the
most frequent in 2019. However, their fre-quency
dropped significantly during the pandemic years,
indicating a reduction in operational challenges.
420
Accidents like masts colliding with the bridge
structure in the Mali Ždrelac Passage pose a con-
siderable threat to navigation safety and demand
urgent responses to protect vessels and those involved
in maritime traffic. To ensure the safe evacuation of
damaged vessels and prevent fur-ther marine
accidents, the Harbourmaster's Office Zadar had to
temporarily close maritime traffic through the Mali
Ždrelac Passage on several occasions. These measures
require adjustments to frequently used shipping
routes, resulting in longer vessel transit times,
including for ferries and catamarans. Once an accident
is resolved, maritime traffic typically returns to normal
within two to three hours. This helps to restore regular
and safe navigation conditions.
The rules governing the passage of vessels in the
passage of Mala Proversa have not been clearly
defined. This often results in a smaller vessel entering
from one side of the passage while a pas-senger ship
carrying tourists approaches from the other. Such
situations usually lead to panic, resulting in risky
manoeuvres by vessels to avoid collisions. It is not
uncommon for vessels to come into contact with
fenders, further increasing the danger and the risk of
damage.
3.3 Marine accidents by type of vessel
The Harbourmaster's offices record marine accidents
by type of vessel. According to the type of vessel, they
are divided into the following categories: vessel, yacht,
boat, fishing vessel, passen-ger vessel, RO-RO
passenger, public vessel, and others. Figure 3 displays
the total number of marine accidents categorised by
vessel type.
Figure 3. The total number of marine accidents by vessel
type, 2019-2023
In 2019, the highest number of marine accidents,
which was 87, concerned boats. There were 25
accidents involving yachts and seven involving
passenger ships. The lowest number of accidents
involved RO-RO passenger ships and public vessels,
one for each. No marine accidents involving fishing
vessels or other watercraft were recorded that year.
In 2020, the number of marine accidents involving
boats and yachts decreased, with 51 incidents reported
for boats and 15 for yachts. Two marine accidents were
reported for ships, three for fishing boats, and two for
passenger ships. Similar to the preceding year, a single
marine accident was recorded for RO-RO passenger
and public vessels. No maritime incidents were
recorded for other vessel types that year.
In 2021, the number of marine accidents involving
boats continued to decline, reaching 47 incidents. As in
the previous year, only one marine accident was
recorded for yachts and three for fishing boats. Also,
three marine accidents were reported for passenger
ships. Ships, RO-RO passenger ships, and public ships
each recorded one. Other types of vessels had no
recorded marine accidents that year.
In 2022, the number of marine accidents involving
boats increased slightly to 48. The number of marine
accidents involving yachts also increased to three. Each
type of vessel, including fishing boats and passenger
ships, had one, while RO-RO passenger ships recorded
two. Public ships and other types of vessels had no
recorded marine accidents that year.
In 2023, boats again experienced an increase in
marine accidents, totalling 69. Yachts recorded four,
fishing boats one, passenger ships three, and public
ships one marine accident. Ships, RO-RO passenger
ships, and other types of vessels did not record marine
accidents.
Analysis showed that boats were the most common
vessels involved in marine accidents. The initial years
saw fewer accidents, primarily attributed to the
pandemic's impact on maritime activity. However, the
number of marine accidents involving boats increased
in 2023.
3.4 Marine accidents by month
Analysis of marine accident data from 2019 to 2023
reveals a clear seasonal pattern correlating accident
numbers with maritime traffic density. Figure 4 shows
the number of marine accidents each month,
highlighting the safety impact of seasonal changes.
Figure 4. The total number of marine accidents by month,
2019-2023
The graph illustrates the seasonal patterns of
marine accidents. During: High maritime traffic in the
summer months leads to the highest incidence of
marine accidents.
The start of 2019 was characterised by several
marine accidents, two occurring in January and four in
February. There were no marine accidents in March,
while April recorded three. The number of marine
accidents increased from May to August, culminating
in 37 accidents in August. Marine accidents decreased
421
after summer: 10 in September, six each in October and
November, and finally four in December. The number
of marine accidents decreased after summer. There
were 10 accidents in September, six in October, six in
November, and four in December.
Unlike other months, no marine accidents were
recorded in January 2020. In February, there were four
reported accidents, as well as in March, while in April,
the number of accidents dropped to two. In May and
June, the number of marine accidents was low, with
one accident reported each month. The number of
marine accidents climbed to 14 in July, culminating in
32 in August. Fewer marine accidents were recorded
by year's end: five in September and four in every of
the following three months.
In 2021, there were no marine accidents in January
and March. In February, there were six reported
accidents. The data for the subsequent months is as
follows: In April, there was one accident. In May, there
were two accidents. June had five incidents. July saw a
total of 14 accidents. August experienced 11 accidents.
In September and October, there were six accidents
each. November recorded one accident. In December,
there were four incidents.
There were zero recorded marine accidents during
the first two months of 2022. March recorded three,
April one, and May four. During the summer months,
there was a rise in marine accidents. Specifically, there
were seven accidents in June, 12 in July, and 13 in
August. Subsequently, the numbers decreased, with
nine accidents reported in September, four in October,
and a single one in November. In December, three
marine accidents were reported.
As in the previous year, no recorded marine
accidents occurred in January and February. In 2023,
only one marine accident was recorded in March, two
in April, and four in May. During the summer months,
there was a noticeable rise in the number of marine
accidents. Specifically, eight accidents were recorded
in June, 10 in July, and 30 in August. Marine accidents
decreased to six in September after the summer before
rising to eight in October. Following this, marine
accidents dropped to six in November and three in
December.
The analysis of marine accidents between 2019 and
2023 reveals a distinct seasonality pattern in accident
frequency. There is a notable rise in the number of
accidents during the summer months, particularly in
August. Accident numbers are typically lower early in
the year, peak in the summer, and decrease in the fall
and winter. The presented data necessitates the
implementation of improved safety practices and
preventive measures during periods of high maritime
traffic.
4 HIGH-RISK AREAS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
FOR SAFETY IMPROVEMENTS
Raising the level of safety at sea is essential to protect
human lives and property and preserve the marine
environment. In terms of navigational and maritime
safety, the focus should be directed towards high-
traffic areas that pose the most significant risk because
of their unique navigational characteristics. These
include the Mali Ždrelac (Figure 5) and the Mala
Proversa passages (Figure 6).
Figure 5. The Mali Ždrelac Passage. Source: [9]
The Mali Ždrelac Passage, situated between Ugljan
and Pašman islands, links Srednji Kanal to Luka
Ždrelac Bay and the Zadar Channel. The narrowest
point of the passage, where the bridge is located, is 60
meters wide, at least 5 meters deep, and the bridge sits
16.5 meters above sea level [10]. The speed limit is 8
knots. Before entering the Mali Ždrelac Passage, ships
and yachts are required to sound a prolonged blast and
contact VTS over the VHF to announce their pas-sage.
The Mali Ždrelac Passage accommodates the transit
of various watercraft, ranging from small boats and
yachts to large liners, cargo ships, and passenger ships.
Over the past few summers, there has been an increase
in maritime traffic in this area. However, the number
of vessels passing through the passage is unknown.
The height markings on the bridge are attached to
its structure. However, it is not unusual for sailboats to
have their masts caught on the bridge, obstructing
maritime traffic and operations.
There are beaches in the immediate vicinity of the
Mali Ždrelac Passage. Swimmers often go far from the
shore, which can endanger their lives and the safety of
navigation.
Mala Proversa is a passage between Dugi Otok and
Katina Island. It is approximately 34 meters wide, with
a water depth of around 4.7 meters and a speed limit of
5 knots [11]. Given that this passage provides access to
the Kornati National Park and the Telašćica Nature
Park, maritime traffic experiences a significant increase
during the summer months. Collisions in this passage
are not uncommon.
422
Figure 6. The Mala Proversa Passage. Source: [8]
Despite the lack of serious maritime incidents in the
Mali Ždrelac and Mala Proversa passages, it is essential
to recognise their high traffic volume, particularly
during the summer. Therefore, a comprehensive
evaluation of the circumstances is necessary to
minimise the risk of maritime incidents.
Yachts passing through the Mali Ždrelac Passage
during the summer months pose a unique problem.
They are required to report their transit to the Vessel
Traffic Service (VTS); however, they often fail to do so.
Furthermore, ships mandated to report their
movements do not always receive detailed information
about increased traffic in the area. It is noteworthy that
the Mali Ždrelac Passage has limited visibility.
Additionally, the passage exhibits limited
manoeuvrability. The influence of sea currents on
manoeuvring is significant, with speeds reaching up to
4 knots and fluctuating directions. Consequently,
vessels may encounter hazardous situations, including
grounding, shore contact, etc.
The deployment of autopilots on vessels presents a
specific challenge. Although autopilots offer several
advantages, heavy maritime traffic, and adverse
weather can reduce crew concentration, increasing the
risk of marine accidents. Autopilots are beneficial for
simple tasks, such as maintaining a course.
Nevertheless, human intervention remains essential
when quick reactions or adjustments are required in
complex situations. Potential technical system failures
present substantial safety risks. Although autopilots
greatly aid in navigation, their use still requires crew
presence and heightened vigilance to ensure safety at
sea. While no significant marine accidents have
occurred thus far, the rising number of vessels during
summer and the increased activity of tourist and liner
ships necessitate careful attention to reduce the risk of
incidents. Therefore, the following measures are
recommended:
− enhancing cooperation between VTS services and
ship masters, particularly in the Mali Ždrelac
Passage, where more detailed information on
maritime traffic on both sides of the passage is
required to prevent risky situations,
− installing smart cameras in key locations such as
Mali Ždrelac and Mala Proversa to record the type
of traffic and its density; based on the collected data,
implementing additional safety measures should be
considered,
− placing extra information boards (with nighttime
illumination) showing the marked clearance height
under the bridge at multiple spots leading to the
entrance, on both the north and south sides of the
Mali Ždrelac Passage,
− installing a larger illuminated information board
directly on the bridge in the Mali Ždrelac Passage to
display the clearance height,
− installing shoreline signs that prohibit swimming
and diving on the northern and southern
approaches to the Mali Ždrelac Passage,
− enclosing the designated swimming areas with
psychological floating barriers along the seaside,
− broadening the educational program for all
individuals involved in maritime traffic and
covering regulations and laws in Croatia to enhance
awareness and compliance with the safety
procedures,
− introducing a practical part of the examination for
boat skippers' training, emphasise the need for
authorised service personnel to conduct regular
vessel maintenance,
− collecting and analysing data to monitor the
number of vessels using the most common routes,
aiming at a better understanding of seasonal and
annual variations in maritime traffic; based on the
collected data, consider implementing additional
safety measures,
− prohibiting the use of autopilots in coastal areas,
− conducting more inspections during the summer
months to enhance maritime traffic safety.
Implementing the above measures can significantly
reduce the risk of marine accidents and increase
maritime traffic safety in critical areas.
5 CONCLUSION
Analysing marine accident data by event type shows a
notable decrease in almost all categories during 2020
and 2021. This decline can largely be attributed to a
global reduction in activities and the stringent control
measures imposed during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Following the pandemic, maritime accidents in specific
categories have been rising again. However, specific
variations require further analysis and modification of
safety measures to maintain the positive trends noted
during the pandemic.
Boats recorded the highest number of maritime
accidents during the analysed period. All other types
of vessels reported fewer marine accidents, with
occasional fluctuations.
The increase in maritime traffic during the summer
months correlates with a rise in accidents. The number
of marine accidents was highest in July and August, in
contrast to the low numbers seen during the winter
months.
Given the unique navigation characteristics of the
Zadar area, the Mali Ždrelac, and Mala Proversa
passages are the most frequented and potentially
hazardous areas for maritime traffic. Implementing the
proposed measures—such as enhancing collaboration
between the VTS service and ship masters, installing
smart cameras in key areas, clearly marking the
423
passage height, and offering additional training—
could significantly reduce the risk of marine accidents.
Furthermore, analyses of maritime traffic, improved
surveillance, and more thorough inspections during
the summer can help ensure the safety of maritime
operations.
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