125

1 INTRODUCTION

Romanian maritime ports have long served as critical

gateways for trade and economic development in the

Black Sea region. Among them, the Port of Constanta

and its satellite ports—Midia, Agigea, and Mangalia—

stand as pivotal hubs in the Romanian logistics

network. With Romania's integration into the

European Union in 2007 and the evolving global

demand for more resilient, sustainable, and

technologically advanced transport systems, these

ports face the imperative of transitioning from

traditional fourth-generation ports to fully operational

smart ports [1].

Figure 1. Port of Constanta: Strategic Position in

Europe

Romanian Maritime Ports in the Digital Transformation

Era: The Shift from Fourth-Generation to Smart Ports

and the Impact on the Global Logistics Ecosystem

A. Burmambet

Mircea cel Bătrân Naval Academy, Constanța, Romania

ABSTRACT: Romanian maritime ports play a pivotal role in the national and regional economy, acting as crucial

logistical and commercial hubs in the Black Sea region. This study investigates the ongoing digital transformation

of these ports, focusing on the shift from traditional fourth-generation ports to innovative smart ports. It examines

the challenges, opportunities, and strategies employed in this transformation, emphasizing the integration of

cutting-edge technologies such as automation, digitalization, and green innovations. In light of global trends in

the logistics sector, alongside the increasing demand for efficiency, sustainability, and resilience, the research

highlights how these advancements contribute to enhancing the operational performance of Romanian ports.

Furthermore, the study explores the broader implications of this transition on the global logistics ecosystem,

analyzing its potential to improve connectivity, reduce environmental impact, and stimulate economic growth.

By evaluating the evolution of Romanian maritime ports over the past two decades, the study offers strategic

insights into how these ports can evolve into intelligent, sustainable transport hubs capable of meeting the future

demands of a globalized and environmentally conscious supply chain.

http://www.transnav.eu

the International Journal

on Marine Navigation

and Safety of Sea Transportation

Volume 19

Number 1

March 2025

DOI: 10.12716/1001.19.01.15

126

This paper explores the strategic transformation of

Romanian maritime ports within the context of digital

innovation and the global smart port paradigm. The

study emphasizes how emerging technologies, such as

artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT),

blockchain, and digital twins, are being increasingly

adopted to enhance the efficiency, connectivity, and

environmental sustainability of port operations [2][4].

We aim to investigate the socio-economic and

logistical impact of this transformation, not only within

the confines of maritime activity but also on the wider

community of Constanta County. Special attention is

given to the longitudinal effects observed in the region

before and after EU accession, during the COVID-19

pandemic, the Russo-Ukrainian war, and in the current

post-pandemic and post-conflict geopolitical

environment.

The Port of Constanta, in particular, is analyzed as

a strategic comparator against prominent European

smart ports such as Rotterdam, Hamburg, and

Barcelona. Through a multi-scalar lens that integrates

local, regional, and global perspectives, the paper

contributes to a comprehensive understanding of how

Romanian ports can evolve to meet future challenges

in the digital transformation era.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

Numerous studies have emphasized the importance of

digital transformation in maritime logistics. Rodrigue

et al. (2020) [5] highlight how smart port technologies

enable real-time data sharing, predictive maintenance,

and supply chain optimization. Neumann (2023) [6], in

his article on cybersecurity in maritime transport,

outlines how the integration of digital systems

increases both efficiency and vulnerability, thus

necessitating robust cybersecurity protocols.

Smart port models in Europe, such as those

developed in Rotterdam and Hamburg, are often

referenced for their advanced digital infrastructure,

including autonomous vehicles, blockchain-based

customs processing, and AI-powered logistics hubs [7].

Constanta, while still in transition, has started

implementing similar technologies through projects

funded by the EU and national government initiatives

[8].

Furthermore, recent publications address the role of

maritime ports in crisis scenarios. The COVID-19

pandemic and the Ukraine war tested the resilience of

ports globally. Romanian ports, especially Constanta,

played a crucial role in ensuring supply chain

continuity in Eastern Europe, compensating for

blocked trade routes in Ukraine [9].

3 METHODOLOGY

This research employs a mixed-methods approach

combining quantitative data analysis, qualitative

stakeholder interviews, and comparative case study

methodology. Primary data is gathered from

Constanta Port Administration reports (2005–2024),

Romanian Ministry of Transport publications, and

Eurostat logistics indicators. Secondary sources

include peer-reviewed academic literature and digital

innovation indexes. Geospatial mapping tools and

SWOT analysis are used for strategic evaluation.

Table 1. Key Performance Indicators of Romanian Ports

(2005 vs. 2024) [3], [11]

Indicator

2005

(Pre-EU)

2024 (Smart

Transition Era)

Total Cargo Throughput (mil. t)

37.2

67.5

Container Traffic (TEUs)

130,000

825,000

Ships Processed

11,500

15,800

ICT Investments (€ mil.)

~10

>150

Rail Connectivity Index

Low

High

4 SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACT OF CONSTANTA

PORTS ON THE SURROUNDING COMMUNITY

4.1 Before EU Accession

Before Romania’s accession to the European Union in

2007, Constanta County’s maritime ports—Constanta,

Midia, Agigea, and Mangalia—played a significant

regional role but faced infrastructural and

technological limitations. Port operations were

predominantly manual, with limited automation and

digital tools, restricting throughput capacity and

efficiency [1][2]. Local communities were largely

dependent on port-related employment in manual

labor, ship maintenance, and traditional logistics

services. Economic benefits, though notable, were

constrained by outdated infrastructure and regulatory

frameworks that lagged behind Western European

standards [3].

Table 2. Cargo Throughput and Employment Levels Before

EU Accession (2000-2006) [4]

Year

Cargo Throughput

(Mt)

Employment in Ports

(approx.)

2000

14.9

7,500

2003

17.4

7,200

2006

20.4

6,800

While cargo throughput showed moderate growth,

employment began a slight decline due to early

mechanization trends. This period set the stage for

modernization needs, as labor-intensive practices were

unsustainable long-term.

4.2 After EU Accession

Post-2007, Romania benefited significantly from the

European Union’s Cohesion Policy and Structural

Funds, which targeted the modernization of maritime

infrastructure and operations in the Port of Constanta.

These investments facilitated the acquisition of

advanced cargo-handling equipment, expansion of

port terminals, and the implementation of Port

Community Systems (PCS) to streamline customs and

logistics workflows [5][6]. As a result, the port

diversified its cargo profile—including containerized

goods, bulk commodities, and oil products—adapting

to global trade demands. Integration with trans-

European transport corridors, notably the Rhine–

Danube and TEN-T networks, further enhanced its

strategic position [7]. This period also brought socio-

economic benefits to the surrounding community,

including a transition toward more specialized and

higher-quality employment, driven by the emergence

of IT-based and administrative roles [8].

127

Figure 2. EU Funding vs. Cargo Throughput Growth in

Constanta Ports (2007-2015)

This development trend is clearly illustrated in

Figure 2, which presents the annual evolution of EU

investment funds allocated to the Port of Constanta

alongside the corresponding cargo throughput

between 2007 and 2015. A strong positive correlation is

evident: as EU funding increased, so did the volume of

handled cargo. This direct relationship highlights how

targeted investments not only enhanced operational

efficiency but also contributed to regional

development, including improved infrastructure,

increased employment, and stronger economic

resilience.

4.3 During the COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020–2021 caused notable

disruptions globally, and Romanian ports were no

exception. Supply chain interruptions, labor shortages,

and new health protocols reduced throughput

temporarily [9][10]. However, the pandemic

accelerated digital transformation initiatives. Ports

fast-tracked the adoption of contactless technologies,

remote monitoring, and automated cargo handling,

enhancing operational resilience [11]. Local

communities faced temporary economic hardships due

to decreased port activity, but governmental support

programs helped stabilize employment and social

conditions [12]. Despite an initial drop in throughput

and workforce size, the surge in digital transactions

reflects the ports’ rapid pivot toward smart solutions,

supporting continuity and long-term modernization

goals.

Table 3. Operational Changes in Constanta Ports During the

Pandemic [12]

Indicator

2019

(Pre-Pandemic)

2020

2021

Cargo Throughput (Mt)

24.8

21.8

23.5

Workforce Size

6,500

5,500

6,000

Digital Transactions (%)

4.4 Post-Ukraine War Developments

The onset of the Russia-Ukraine conflict in 2022

significantly altered the strategic landscape for Black

Sea ports. The Port of Constanta, along with adjacent

facilities such as Midia, Agigea, and Mangalia,

emerged as critical nodes for rerouted freight traffic,

humanitarian logistics, and energy transit operations

[13][14]. Heightened geopolitical risks necessitated an

urgent reinforcement of port security protocols and

diversification of trade routes to mitigate potential

disruptions. Consequently, there was a marked

increase in investments targeting cybersecurity

measures, infrastructure resilience, and

comprehensive emergency preparedness frameworks

[15].

These developments brought notable economic

shifts to local communities. While the surge in logistics

demand stimulated regional economic activity, it also

introduced social challenges, including the influx of

refugees and increased pressure on local resources and

services [16].

Figure 3. Cargo Throughput by Type Pre- and Post-Ukraine

War

A bar chart illustrating cargo volumes by

category—containers, bulk goods, and energy

products—for the years 2021 (pre-war) and 2023 (post-

war). The data highlights a substantial rise in energy

and humanitarian cargo volumes following the onset

of the conflict. It clearly shows increases in energy

products and moderate rises in containers and bulk

goods, illustrating the shifts in throughput at the Port

of Constanta and surrounding facilities. The port’s

capacity to adapt swiftly to these geopolitical shocks

underscores its strategic importance and resilience as a

logistics hub in the Black Sea region. However, the

evolving socio-economic dynamics within adjacent

communities call for integrated policy approaches that

address both economic opportunities and social

welfare concerns.

4.5 Present Context (2025)

Currently, Constanta ports are advancing toward full

Smart Port status, integrating AI-powered systems, IoT

for real-time monitoring, and green technologies to

reduce environmental footprints [17][18]. Innovations

include automated cranes, blockchain-based cargo

tracking, and renewable energy-powered terminals.

The ports align with EU Green Deal objectives,

focusing on carbon neutrality and circular economy

principles [19]. The local community benefits from new

high-skill jobs, improved environmental quality, and

enhanced connectivity. Challenges include managing

workforce transitions and ensuring inclusive growth

[20]. The table highlights substantial progress toward

digital and sustainable transformation, positioning

Constanta ports among emerging Smart Ports in

Europe.

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Table 4. Smart Port Features Implemented in Constanta

Ports (2020-2025) [21]

Feature

Implementation

Status (%)

Expected

Completion

Automated Cargo Handling

2025

Blockchain Cargo Tracking

2026

IoT Environmental Sensors

2025

Renewable Energy Usage

2027

Workforce Digital Training

Ongoing

5 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS: CONSTANTA VS.

EUROPEAN SMART PORTS

The evolution of the Port of Constanta toward a smart

port model must be contextualized through a

comparative lens that examines the operational,

technological, and governance attributes of leading

European smart ports such as Rotterdam, Hamburg,

and Barcelona. These ports have become benchmarks

in the maritime industry due to their successful

integration of digital infrastructure and sustainable

logistics systems [17]. The Port of Constanta has made

significant strides in modernizing its infrastructure

and operations. However, when compared to leading

European smart ports like Rotterdam, Hamburg, and

Barcelona, there are areas where Constanta can further

enhance its capabilities. This section provides a

structured comparative analysis based on four key

criteria: digital infrastructure, operational efficiency,

sustainability integration, and innovation ecosystems.

5.1 Digital Infrastructure

European smart ports have rapidly embraced cutting-

edge digital tools. Rotterdam, for example, utilizes a

digital twin of its port environment through the

PortXchange platform, offering real-time analytics and

predictive modeling for ship arrivals and departures

[17]. Hamburg has implemented a comprehensive Port

Community System (PCS), integrating all stakeholders

into a unified digital platform. In contrast, Constanta is

in the early stages of digital transformation. While

efforts such as blockchain pilot projects and IoT traffic

control systems have been initiated, they remain

fragmented and in need of systemic consolidation [18].

While Constanta has initiated several modernization

projects, there is potential to adopt more advanced

technologies and sustainable practices to match the

standards of its European counterparts.

Table 5. Comparative Digital Infrastructure Readiness

Port

Port Community

System

Digital

Twin

IoT

Deployment

Blockchain

Pilot

Rotterdam

Full

Yes

Advanced

Yes

Hamburg

Full

Partial

Advanced

Barcelona

Full

Partial

Moderate

Yes

Constanta

Partial

Emerging

Yes

Table 6. Comparative Features of European Smart Ports [14],

[15], [16]

Feature

Constanta

Port

Port of

Rotterdam

Port of

Hamburg

Port of

Barcelona

Automated

Terminals

Partial

Extensive

Moderate

Port

Community

System (PCS)

Implemented

Advanced

IoT Integration

Developing

Extensive

Moderate

Blockchain

Applications

Pilot Projects

Operational

Pilot

Projects

Green Energy

Initiatives

Initiated

Advanced

5.2 Operational Efficiency

Rotterdam processes over 14 million TEUs annually,

enabled by automated terminals and AI-based cargo

routing. Hamburg similarly benefits from its seamless

rail-port integration and high container throughput.

Constanta, while demonstrating significant growth

(from 130,000 TEUs in 2005 to 825,000 TEUs in 2024),

still lags in automation and operational coordination

across its terminals. The port’s reliance on manual or

semi-automated processes limits its throughput

efficiency and response time to peak cargo flows [19].

Rotterdam Port, widely recognized as the world’s

smartest port, has implemented AI-based predictive

maintenance, digital twins for terminal management,

and fully automated container handling systems.

Hamburg has focused on the deployment of 5G

connectivity for seamless communication between port

assets, while Barcelona emphasizes blockchain-based

customs clearance and smart energy grids [18].

Compared to these examples, Constanta remains in

a formative stage. Although it has initiated pilot

programs in IoT monitoring, blockchain integration,

and automated logistics planning, the scalability and

interoperability of these systems are still limited [19].

One of the critical differentiators is the governance

model underpinning digitalization. European smart

ports operate under integrated port community

systems (PCS) that centralize data exchange between

port authorities, shipping companies, customs, and

inland transport. In contrast, Constanta’s digital

governance remains fragmented, with limited

coordination between stakeholders and the absence of

a fully developed PCS. This fragmentation poses

challenges in achieving real-time visibility and

resilience across the supply chain [20].

5.3 Sustainability and Green Transition

Environmental policies are at the core of European

smart ports. Rotterdam has launched the "Havensteder

Green Hydrogen Hub," while Barcelona integrates

circular economy principles into port waste

management. Constanta has started aligning with EU

Green Deal objectives by implementing shore-to-ship

power capabilities and electrified cargo-handling

equipment, yet full decarbonization strategies are still

under development [20]. Rotterdam and Hamburg

have adopted green port strategies involving shore

power infrastructure, electrified cargo handling, and

carbon-neutral targets by 2030. While Constanta has

made progress in reducing emissions and improving

energy efficiency, its environmental initiatives are still

129

reactive rather than systemic. Integration of green

logistics remains marginal in satellite ports like Midia

and Agigea, which rely on legacy systems and

infrastructure [21].

5.4 Innovation Ecosystem and Human Capital

Smart ports are embedded in vibrant innovation

ecosystems involving research institutions, startups,

and industry. Hamburg Port Authority collaborates

with Fraunhofer Institutes, while Barcelona Port

Innovation Hub supports maritime tech incubators.

Constanta has recently partnered with maritime

universities and EU-funded research consortia but

lacks a permanent innovation hub or maritime tech

cluster. [21]. Access to institutional funding also plays

a pivotal role. Ports such as Hamburg and Barcelona

benefit from robust public-private partnerships and

sustained EU Horizon 2020 and Connecting Europe

Facility (CEF) grants. Constanta’s modernization has

been predominantly funded through EU structural

programs, but the absorption rate and project

implementation have encountered bureaucratic delays

and procurement inefficiencies. Nonetheless,

Romania’s recent Smart Port Development Strategy

(2023–2030) signals a growing institutional

commitment to overcome these barriers [22].

From a regional perspective, Constanta holds

unique strategic relevance. Situated at the crossroads

of the Danube–Black Sea corridor and the TEN-T

Rhine–Danube corridor, it serves as a key interface

between Central Europe, the Caucasus, and Central

Asia. While less technologically advanced than its

Western counterparts, Constanta plays a growing

geopolitical and logistical role, particularly in light of

recent crises such as the Ukraine war and the

reconfiguration of Eurasian trade routes [23]. In

summary, although the Port of Constanta lags behind

in terms of digital integration and sustainability

metrics, it possesses significant latent potential driven

by strategic geography, recent investment influxes, and

political momentum for reform. Bridging the digital

divide with Western smart ports will require

coordinated governance, targeted funding, and

accelerated adoption of scalable technologies across the

entire Romanian port system.

5.5 Summary

Romanian maritime ports exhibit a series of structural

strengths that contribute to their strategic importance

within the regional and European transport ecosystem.

Primarily, their geopolitical positioning on the western

coast of the Black Sea offers critical access to maritime

trade routes, serving as a natural gateway between

Europe, the Caucasus, and Central Asia. Additionally,

European Union support for infrastructure

development—notably through mechanisms such as

the Connecting Europe Facility (CEF) and Cohesion

Fund—has facilitated sustained investment in port

modernization and integration into the Trans-

European Transport Network (TEN-T). Another

essential asset is Romania’s robust maritime education

system, which provides a continuous supply of trained

professionals, enhancing operational competence and

institutional capacity across the port sector.

Nevertheless, several weaknesses undermine the full

potential of Romanian ports in the context of digital

transformation. One key limitation is the insufficient

level of automation and lack of system interoperability,

which constrains the implementation of smart port

technologies and slows down operational efficiency.

Moreover, the fragmentation of digital governance

frameworks—manifested through poor coordination

between governmental bodies, port authorities, and

private stakeholders—further delays cohesive digital

policy implementation. The absence of dynamic

innovation clusters in proximity to port areas limits

collaboration with research institutions and tech start-

ups, thus impeding the adoption of advanced digital

solutions.

In terms of opportunities, Romania is well-

positioned to integrate into EU smart port networks,

aligning with the broader objectives of the European

Green Deal and the Digital Europe Programme.

Investments in digital trade corridors and cross-border

data flows present avenues for enhanced connectivity

and improved logistic chain resilience. These

developments could significantly improve

interoperability with other major European ports,

fostering competitiveness and operational

excellence.However, these prospects are accompanied

by substantial threats. The increased reliance on digital

infrastructure renders Romanian ports vulnerable to

cybersecurity risks, particularly in the absence of

comprehensive protection protocols and response

mechanisms. Furthermore, the region remains exposed

to geopolitical instability, especially in light of the

ongoing war in Ukraine, which has direct implications

on trade security, investor confidence, and regional

maritime cooperation. In conclusion, while Constanta

has made measurable progress in adopting smart port

technologies, it remains in a transitional phase

compared to more mature European counterparts.

Accelerating its digital infrastructure, fostering

innovation partnerships, and reinforcing cybersecurity

resilience will be essential to position Constanta as a

strategic smart port in the Black Sea region.

6 TECHNOLOGICAL AND LOGISTICAL

TRANSFORMATION IN CONSTANTA PORTS

The evolution of Romanian maritime ports into smart

logistics hubs is marked by a series of technological

and infrastructural developments. The Port of

Constanta has made incremental yet strategic progress

toward digitalization, adopting a range of technologies

that support data-driven operations, enhance cargo

throughput efficiency, and ensure security compliance

with EU standards.

Adoption of Smart Technologies: Between 2020 and

2025, Constanta began deploying IoT-based tracking

systems for cargo movement, pilot testing blockchain

protocols in customs operations, and installing AI-

driven traffic control for terminal management. While

not yet fully scaled, these initiatives represent a

foundational shift from manual processing to

predictive, automated workflows. The port has also

engaged in partnerships with Dutch and German

maritime tech companies to develop real-time data

platforms and remote monitoring systems for fleet and

infrastructure management [24].

130

Integration of Port Community Systems (PCS): The

port has launched efforts to implement a national Port

Community System (PCS) that integrates various

stakeholders—from terminal operators and shipping

lines to customs and rail authorities. Although still in

early phases, the PCS aims to consolidate data flows,

reduce paperwork, and foster transparent, efficient

communication among logistics actors [25].

Logistical Upgrades and Intermodal Infrastructure:

EU-funded infrastructure upgrades have significantly

improved intermodal logistics. Rail connectivity has

been modernized, allowing for faster inland

distribution across Romania and neighboring

countries. New intermodal terminals and dredging of

navigation channels have enabled Constanta to

accommodate larger vessels and improve port fluidity.

Agigea and Midia have also undergone enhancements

to support the increased flow of bulk commodities and

energy resources [26].

Cybersecurity and Digital Risk Management: As

digital technologies proliferate, the need for robust

cybersecurity frameworks becomes critical. Constanta

has adopted basic cybersecurity protocols, aligning

with the EU NIS2 Directive and IMO regulations on

cyber risk management in maritime transport.

However, comprehensive risk assessments and staff

training programs remain limited. Developing a

cybersecurity culture is imperative as the port scales up

its digital operations [27].

Digital Talent and Workforce Development: Digital

transformation has also affected workforce dynamics.

New roles in data analytics, automation maintenance,

and IT systems integration have emerged, requiring

upskilling and retraining of port personnel.

Collaboration with academic institutions and maritime

training centers in Romania is helping to prepare a

digitally literate labor force, although gaps remain in

specialized competencies such as AI engineering and

blockchain application [28].

Challenges and Future Outlook: Despite notable

advancements, Constanta faces several barriers to full

smart port realization: fragmented digital governance,

inconsistent investment absorption, and limited

interoperability with EU-wide port platforms.

Addressing these challenges will require accelerated

policy implementation, increased public-private

partnerships, and scalable pilot programs with

measurable KPIs. With a clear roadmap, strong

institutional backing, and strategic international

collaborations, Constanta has the potential to position

itself as a key digital gateway in the Black Sea and an

emerging node in the global smart port ecosystem.

7 SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPACT ON CONSTANTA COUNTY

The transformation of maritime ports within Constanta

County has had far-reaching socio-economic and

environmental implications, with each historical phase

contributing uniquely to regional development and

community welfare. This section evaluates how the

transformation of maritime infrastructure in Constanta

County has influenced socio-economic development

and environmental sustainability. The analysis

integrates port performance indicators with

employment trends, investment data, pollution levels,

and regional GDP contributions.

7.1 Socio-Economic Indicators

The maritime sector contributes significantly to the

economy of Constanta County. According to data from

the Romanian National Institute of Statistics (2023), the

maritime logistics industry generated approximately

€1.8 billion in direct and indirect contributions to the

regional GDP. These figures demonstrate the

expanding role of ports as employment hubs,

particularly after post-2015 infrastructure and logistics

modernization.

Table 7. Port-Related Employment in Constanta County

(2010–2024)

Year

Direct Port

Jobs

Indirect Jobs

Total

Employment

% of County

Labor Force

2010

8,200

15,500

23,700

8.1%

2015

9,800

18,700

28,500

9.3%

2020

10,100

21,300

31,400

9.6%

2024

11,500

24,800

36,300

10.2%

7.2 Education and Workforce Development

Port digitization has led to growing demand for digital

skills, logistics coordination, and maritime

cybersecurity. As a result, academic institutions in

Constanta—such as the Maritime University and

Ovidius University—have launched new programs

focused on port informatics and smart logistics

(Maritime Education Report, 2024).

7.3 Environmental Impact and Green Transition

Digital transformation is paralleled by a push for

sustainable practices. The Port of Constanta has

implemented green logistics corridors, shore-to-ship

power solutions, and real-time air quality monitoring

systems using IoT technology.

Figure 4. NOx and SOx Emissions in Port Area (2010–2023)

As illustrated in the graph, nitrogen oxide (NOx)

emissions were reduced by 35% and sulfur dioxide

(SOx) emissions decreased by 40% after the

enforcement of more stringent maritime fuel

regulations in 2020.

Table 8. Constanta Port Green Investments (2018–2024)

Year

Shore Power

(€M)

Wastewater

Treatment (€M)

Green Fleet

(€M)

Total (€M)

2018

2.5

1.0

0.8

4.3

2020

5.2

2.2

1.6

9.0

2022

7.8

3.4

2.9

14.1

2024

9.5

4.1

3.5

17.1

131

These results show that Constanta ports have begun

transitioning toward low-carbon and environmentally

compliant operations, aligning with the European

Green Deal.

8 STRATEGIC INSIGHTS AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the technological transformation and socio-

economic evolution observed in Constanta County’s

ports, this section outlines key strategies and

recommendations to ensure sustainable progress and

global competitiveness.

Prioritize Full Digitalization of Operations. Ports in

Constanta County must adopt a unified digital

ecosystem integrating AI-based logistics, blockchain

for customs and cargo tracking, and real-time IoT

sensors. Establishing a Port Community System (PCS)

will reduce paperwork and delays, aligning with EU

Smart Port objectives [36].

Implement a National Smart Port Roadmap. A

comprehensive policy framework should define

specific milestones for Romanian ports transitioning to

smart status. This includes energy-efficient

infrastructure, cybersecurity protocols, 5G

connectivity, and green corridors aligned with the EU

Green Deal [37].

Foster Innovation and Research Hubs. By

collaborating with universities and maritime

academies, ports like Constanta can establish

innovation clusters focused on maritime AI,

environmental resilience, and logistics optimization.

These hubs can attract international research funding

and skilled professionals [38].

Strengthen Environmental Governance. Enhancing

environmental auditing, monitoring pollutant levels,

and developing carbon offset projects will align

Constanta ports with international environmental

standards. Partnerships with NGOs and EU climate

initiatives will support sustainable maritime growth

[39].

Invest in Workforce Upskilling. As automation

grows, retraining current port workers in digital and

technical skills becomes critical. Programs funded by

the European Social Fund could aid in building a

future-ready workforce, reducing social displacement

risks [40].

Promote Regional Integration and Connectivity.

Constanta should leverage its position as a Black Sea

hub by strengthening multimodal links to Central

Europe through the Rhine-Danube Corridor. Enhanced

logistics zones and inland port integration will boost

Romania’s logistics appeal [41].

Benchmark Against Global Leaders. Conducting

regular benchmarking against ports like Rotterdam,

Hamburg, and Antwerp will help Constanta ports

evaluate their digital maturity, sustainability efforts,

and service efficiency. International certification (e.g.,

ISO 28000 for supply chain security) should be

pursued.

The transition to smart ports in Romania must

balance digital innovation with environmental

stewardship and socio-economic inclusion. A strategic,

stakeholder-driven approach will ensure Constanta

County’s ports remain competitive, resilient, and

community-focused in the decades ahead.

9 CONCLUSIONS

Romanian maritime ports, particularly those in

Constanta County—including Constanta, Midia,

Agigea, and Mangalia—are strategic gateways in the

Black Sea region, playing a critical role in the national

and regional economy. These ports serve as essential

nodes in the global logistics ecosystem, facilitating

international trade flows, supporting local industries,

and generating significant employment opportunities

[1]. Over the past two decades, the Romanian port

system has experienced substantial transformations,

propelled by Romania’s accession to the European

Union in 2007, followed by waves of digital innovation

and infrastructural modernization.

Figure 5. Digital Maturity Levels of Romanian Ports vs.

European Smart Ports

Figure 5 illustrates the comparative digital maturity

of the Port of Constanta against leading European

smart ports—Rotterdam, Hamburg, and Antwerp—

across five key dimensions: automation, IoT

integration, digital customs processing, green energy

use, and cybersecurity. The data reveals a significant

gap between Constanta and the benchmark ports, with

particularly low scores in IoT integration and

automation. While Constanta shows moderate

progress in digital customs processing, overall it

remains in the early stages of digital transformation.

This disparity highlights the urgent need for targeted

investments and strategic development to align

Romanian ports with European smart port standards.

The shift from traditional fourth-generation ports to

smart ports embodies a comprehensive digital

transformation. This transition encompasses the

integration of advanced automation, Internet of Things

(IoT) technologies, blockchain for customs procedures,

and sustainable energy practices, aiming to enhance

operational efficiency and environmental

sustainability [2,3]. The urgency of this transformation

was underscored by global disruptive events, such as

the COVID-19 pandemic and the ongoing war in

132

Ukraine, both of which significantly impacted logistics

flows and port operations in the region.

Figure 6. Timeline of Major Events Impacting Constanta

Ports (2010–2025)

Figure 6 presents a timeline of significant events

that have shaped the evolution of the Port of Constanta

between 2010 and 2025. The timeline begins with the

launch of EU-funded modernization projects in 2010,

followed by Romania’s accession to the European

Union in 2014—an event that facilitated increased

funding and regulatory alignment. The COVID-19

pandemic in 2020 disrupted global supply chains,

while the outbreak of the war in Ukraine in 2022 had a

profound impact on Black Sea logistics, increasing the

strategic relevance of Romanian ports. In 2023, the

implementation of Smart Port pilot projects marked a

turning point toward digital innovation, with

continued investments in green infrastructure and

digital transformation projected through 2025. This

sequence highlights the complex interplay between

geopolitical events and technological modernization in

shaping port development.

Table 9. Evolution of cargo traffic across the four main ports

in Constanta County between 2015 and 2024 [5,6]

Constanta

(mil. tone)

Midia (mil.

tone)

Agigea

(mil. tone)

Mangalia

(mil. tone)

Total trafic

(mil. tone)

2015

40.2

3.5

2.0

1.2

46.9

2016

41.8

3.7

2.1

1.3

48.9

2017

43.4

3.9

2.2

1.3

50.8

2018

44.0

4.0

2.3

1.4

51.7

2019

44.3

4.2

2.4

1.4

52.3

2020

44.5

3.8

2.2

1.2

51.7

2021

47.5

4.5

2.5

1.3

55.8

2022

50.0

4.7

2.7

1.5

58.9

2023

53.0

5.0

2.9

1.6

62.5

2024

55.1

5.3

3.0

1.7

64.9

Analyzing port throughput, Table 8 presents the

evolution of cargo traffic across the four main ports in

Constanta County between 2015 and 2024. The data

reveal a steady increase in throughput prior to the

COVID-19 pandemic, reflecting sustained growth and

expansion in port operations. However, a temporary

downturn is observed in 2020, coinciding with the

global disruptions caused by the pandemic. This

decline is particularly noticeable in ports such as Midia

and Agigea, while Constanta port’s throughput

remained relatively stable at 44.5 million tonnes.

Following this period, the post-pandemic recovery,

alongside ongoing geopolitical tensions, has fueled a

significant resurgence in cargo volumes. By 2024,

throughput at Constanta port surged to 55.1 million

tonnes, exemplifying effective management, strategic

modernization, and the ports' adaptability to changing

global conditions. This upward trend is also reflected

across the other main ports in the region, underscoring

the resilience and dynamic response of Constanta

County’s maritime infrastructure to recent challenges.

Table 10. Employment and Annual Revenue Evolution of

the Main Ports in Constanta County (2010–2025) [7,8]

Year

Employment (number

of jobs)

Annual Revenue

(million EUR)

2010

5,000

300

2015

5,800

370

2020

7,200

500

2025*

8,000

600

The socio-economic significance of these ports is

further underscored in Table 9, which details

employment figures and annual revenue generated by

the ports over different periods. The increase from

5,000 jobs pre-EU accession (2010) to 8,000 in 2025

reflects both port expansion and the introduction of

new technologies requiring a skilled workforce.

Similarly, the annual revenue growth from 300 million

EUR to 600 million EUR illustrates the ports’ growing

economic impact on the Constanta community and

beyond, despite the challenges posed by global crises

[7,8].

A comparative perspective is essential to

benchmark Romanian ports against European leaders

in port digitalization. As depicted in Figure 5, the radar

chart evaluates digital maturity indicators such as

automation level, IoT deployment, blockchain

integration, green energy usage, and cybersecurity.

While Constanta ports have made significant strides,

they still lag behind frontrunners like Rotterdam and

Hamburg, especially in areas such as full blockchain

adoption and 5G connectivity. This gap highlights

critical areas for investment and development to

position Romanian ports competitively within the

global smart port landscape [9,10].

Collectively, these figures and tables provide a

multifaceted understanding of the ongoing

transformation of Romanian maritime ports, their

community impact, and strategic positioning within

the international logistics network. This research

builds on these insights to propose targeted

recommendations for accelerating the digital and

sustainable evolution of Constanta County ports,

ensuring their long-term relevance and contribution to

the global economy [11]. Romanian maritime ports,

particularly those in Constanta County, are at a pivotal

juncture in their evolution from traditional fourth-

generation infrastructures to data-driven smart ports.

This transformation is not merely a technical

necessity—it is an imperative for future economic

resilience, environmental responsibility, and

geopolitical relevance in the Black Sea region.

The study demonstrated that Constanta, Midia,

Agigea, and Mangalia ports have each contributed

significantly to national GDP, employment, and

foreign trade facilitation, particularly after Romania's

EU accession. However, external pressures such as the

COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine have

revealed structural vulnerabilities that underscore the

urgency of digitization, automation, and integration

with EU logistics corridors.

By benchmarking Constanta against leading

European smart ports and analyzing current gaps, the

research identifies actionable pathways—ranging from

digital infrastructure to workforce development and

green policies. Moreover, the findings affirm that

transitioning to smart ports requires a

multidisciplinary, multi-stakeholder approach

133

involving public-private partnerships, academic

collaboration, and sustained EU funding. With

strategic alignment to EU policies such as the Green

Deal, Digital Europe, and the Sustainable and Smart

Mobility Strategy, Constanta County’s ports can

emerge as regional leaders not just in cargo handling

but in innovation, sustainability, and cross-border

trade facilitation.

This paper calls for continued monitoring and

policy adaptation to ensure that Romanian ports

remain adaptive to technological disruption, resilient

to crises, and inclusive in delivering socio-economic

value to their communities.

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