449

1 INTRODUCTION

Designing reliable electronic navigational charts is

essential for safe navigation and protection of the

marine environment, including delicate ecosystems

such as coral reefs and seamount biodiversity. As a

result, fishing has been a key economic activity in

many countries, and they have faced threats,

including the increasing presence of international

fishing vessels close to shore, often subsidized

without oversight, in search of highly migratory and

straddling fish stock regions. The scarcity of some fish

has adversely affected marine ecosystems through

illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing, as

envisaged by the draft resolution on sustainable

fishing. In addition, the sea transport of radioactive

materials and hazardous waste also requires effective

liability regulations, such as the use of oceans and

seas as transport routes for radioactive waste.

Furthermore, there is a lack of information for some

shipping countries, as well as a failure to provide

adequate information about these modes of

transportation and routes. Not to mention the

increasing degradation of the marine environment

and the heavy exploitation of living marine resources.

This leads to the deterioration of the marine

environment from land activities and ships, and is

ultimately a phenomenon harmful to human health.

Therefore, the growing interest of countries and

marine organizations is to develop international rules

and regulations to prevent pollution of the sea.

Organizations. In addition, international coordination

Coastal and Marine Issues and Their Relation to

Ecosystem Survey

A. Elentably, K. Fisher, S. Holger, A. Alghanmi & S. Alhrbi

King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

ABSTRACT: Protecting and preserving the environment and marine resources is a constant concern of

countries. The seas and oceans face increasing threats to their flora and fauna from pollution, both from land

and sea sources. Overexploitation of marine resources and overfishing pose serious threats to biodiversity and

the balance of marine ecosystems. Especially for countries that rely on fisheries resources to feed their

populations in closed or semi-closed seas. It is unusual to highlight overfishing by ships, as coastal states'

resources do not allow for effective safety controls and as a result, there are a number of severely depleted

fisheries worldwide. It is therefore vital that conservation and management measures for straddling fish stocks

and highly migratory fish stocks continue and increase, as it is a resource that has transcended many national

jurisdictions. According to the priorities of the current research project, which include alignment and

adaptation to the regulations of the Saudi marine environment, the research group of the current marine

ecosystem project tries to analyze the variables contained in maritime transport and shipping and to measure

the impact of these variables on the marine ecosystem, by focusing on four national priority areas: 1) reliable

and long-term seafood supply; 2) thriving coastal ecosystems; 3) sustainable coastal development; and 4) risk

resilience in coastal communities. Prioritizing coastal issues and gathering desired outcomes from.

http://www.transnav.eu

the International Journal

on Marine Navigation

and Safety of Sea Transportation

Volume 16

Number 3

September 2022

DOI: 10.12716/1001.16.03.05

450

and cooperation are therefore essential for the

effective management of the oceans and seas, with

particular emphasis on improving nautical charting

capacity and protecting vulnerable marine

ecosystems. Therefore, hydrographic surveys and

nautical mapping are necessary for the safety of

navigation and protection of the environment. Other

issues that need to be addressed include managing

and preventing illegal activities related to marine

resources, such as B. Some illegal, unreported and

unregulated fishing vessels use re-flags as a means to

evade control. There must be a mechanism to address

the challenges posed by pollution, including

preventing soil pollution, transboundary

environmental damage, safety of navigation, phasing

out of single-structure tankers and safety in the

transport of radioactive materials. An important

aspect of the marine ecosystem is the conservation of

biodiversity, habitats, fauna, and flora through the

creation of marine protected areas.

The lack of regulation in this critical area has

caused many disasters in the past, and it was in the

interest of the world community to protect and

conserve this species. The protection of ecosystems

and the safety of navigation require marine

navigation charts (an important navigational aid),

which are necessary to protect coral reefs and prevent

accidents with significant impacts on people and the

environment.

The importance of maritime transport is increasing

because it is the best and most economical way to

transport huge volumes of foreign trade to the

countries of the world and has a positive economic

impact on the cost of the transported unit of goods.

Therefore, light has been shed on the protection and

conservation of the marine environment and marine

resources. Proactive measures have been taken to

prevent and reduce pollution from ships and land-

based activities, including oil spills. In addition, by

eliminating illegal, unreported, and unregulated

fishing activities. The potential for marine damage is

very high with many international shipping lines

calling at the ports of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

As such, controls need to be put in place to ensure

ships transiting national waters comply with

international standards. Also, work to prevent

accidents that could seriously endanger the country's

sustainable development and people's health. It is

worrying that industrial fishing fleets have managed

to wipe out nine-tenths of the largest and most

economically important fish species. Efforts to

improve fishing protection are encountering an

increase in illegal, unregulated, and unreported

fishing activities on the high seas. With the resulting

negative impact on global fisheries. . (UN, report,

2003).

2 THE AIDS OF MARINE NAVIGATION

Gone are the days when a ship's navigator had to

resort to unconventional ways to plan and navigate a

voyage at sea. Thanks to technological advances,

today's ship officers have a variety of ship navigation

devices that greatly simplify their lives. In addition,

today's seafarers are trained to know the workings

and operation of all modern navigational devices that

have made the journey at sea smoother and safer.

With modern facilities and automation, a ship today

has several advanced navigational equipment systems

that provide accurate data for the voyage.

1. Gyrocompass It is used to find the right direction.

Unlike a magnetic compass, a gyrocompass is not

impeded by an external magnetic field. It is used to

find the correct north position, which is also the

Earth's axis of rotation, to provide a stable source

of direction. Its repeater system must be present in

the control platform for emergency control.

2. Radar Sea-going vessels rely on S-band and X-band

frequency radar systems for navigation because

they can detect targets and display information on

the screen, such as the ship's distance from land,

floating objects (an island, rock, iceberg, etc.) ),

other ships and obstacles to avoid collision. A

rotating antenna captures the ship's surroundings.

3. Magnetic Compass. The magnetic compass works

in conjunction with the Earth's magnetic field and

is the primary means of indicating direction. It is

used to get a planned course for the trip. This ship

navigation equipment is usually attached to the

centerline of the ship on Monkey Island. A

transmitting magnetic compass is built in so the

output can be viewed in the bridge field.

4. Autopilot. The ship's bridge layout is full of

equipment and tools used for navigation. The

autopilot is considered one of the most effective

bridge navigation devices as it assists the human

operator in steering the ship by keeping the

controls on the autopilot, which allows them to

focus on broad aspects of the operation. It is a

combination of hydraulic, mechanical and

electrical system and is used to control the ship

control system from a remote location (Navigation

Bridge).

5. ARPA. Automatic Radar Plotting Aid displays the

position of a ship and other nearby ships. The

radar shows the position of nearby ships and

chooses the course for the ship, avoiding any type

of collision. This bridge navigation equipment

constantly monitors the ships around and, in this

case, automatically records the number of targets;

B. ships, boats, stationary or floating objects, etc.,

and record their speeds or courses. It also plots

them as vectors on the display screen and

constantly updates the parameters with each

rotation of the antenna, calculating their closest

points of approach to own ship and also the time

beforehand.

6. Automatic Tracking Aid. Just like ARPA,

Automatic Tracking Aid displays tracked target

information graphically and numerically to create

a planned layout for a safer and collision-free

course. Usually a large target with a circumference

of 800 m or more is considered a landmass and is

not tracked. Echoes below 800 m are considered

targets to be tracked.

7. Speed and Distance Gauge This bridge equipment

on a ship is used to measure the speed and the

distance a ship is traveling from a fixed point. By

calculating the same, the ETA of the ship will be

adjusted or communicated to the port authority

and agent.

8. Sonar There are many modern ship navigation

tools on ships and sonar is one of the instruments

451

that has been in the game for almost 100 years. It is

used to measure the water depth below the ship's

bottom using sound waves, which work on the

principle of the transmission of sound waves and

an audio pulse, which bounces off a reflective layer

and returns to the source as an echo.

9. Electronic Chart Display Information System.

ECDIS is an evolution of the navigation chart

system used on naval ships and ships. With the

use of electronic navigational equipment, it has

become easier for ship's crew to pinpoint locations

and reaching directions is easier than before.

10. Automatic Identification System AIS is also among

the types of navigation systems that help

determine the location and other navigational

statistics of ships. AIS uses VHF radio channels as

transmitters and receivers to send and receive

messages between vessels, striving to fulfill many

responsibilities. (GT) sailing in the international

area to carry a class A AIS transponder.

11. Long Range Tracking and Identification (LRIT)

System LRIT is an international tracking and

identification system adopted by the IMO under

their SOLAS Convention to provide a thorough

tracking system for vessels of 300 gross tons and

over embarking on international voyages in all

over the world. This maritime gear is equipped to

increase awareness of the maritime field.

12. Rudder angle indicator. The rudder angle

indicator, as the name suggests, shows the angle of

the rudder. The display is provided on the

navigation bridge equipment panel so that the

ship's navigator can control the ship's rate of turn

and rudder angle. The display also takes place in

the bridge wing and in the engine control room.

13. Voyage Data Recorder. A VDR or Voyage Data

Recorder is a crucial instrument in ship navigation

equipment list installed on a ship to continuously

record important information related to the

operation of a ship. It contains a voice recording

system for a period of at least the last 12 hours.

This recording will be recovered and used for

accident investigations. The meaning of the VDR is

comparable to a black box installed in an airplane.

14. Rate of Turn Indicator. This navigation tool shows

how fast the vessel is turning at a constant rate

(useful in piloting and maneuvering), usually

shown as a number of degrees. The speed at which

a ship turns is measured in degrees per minute.

This indispensable tool assists a helmsman in

safely steering a course.

15. GPS Receiver. A Global Positioning System (GPS)

receiver is a display system used to show a ship's

location using global positioning satellites in orbit.

With the recording of the ship's positions, the

speed, the course and the time are recorded. The

distance traveled between two marked positions

can be calculated.

16. Acoustic receiving system. This acoustic system is

required for a ship with a fully enclosed bridge. It

allows the navigation officer in the cabin to hear

the sound signals (such as fog or ship's horn) from

other ships nearby. This is installed in the ship's

bridge equipment console and assists the navigator

in performing the lookout duty in accordance with

the International Regulations for the Prevention of

Collisions at Sea.

17. Navigation Lights. All boats, large or small, must

have night-lights as part of the navigation system.

This system was introduced by the United States in

1838, followed by Great Britain in 1849. In 1889, the

International Maritime Conference was established

by the United States to establish appropriate

policies to prevent maritime casualties. In 1897

these rules were officially adopted internationally.

The navigation lights are one of the most

important pieces of navigation equipment needed

for sailing the high seas as they enable one's ship

to be clearly visible to other ships nearby.

18. Ship's Whistle. A ship's horn is known as a whistle

and is generally supplied in duplicate. One is air

powered and the other is electrically powered. The

whistle should be operable both manually and

electrically from the bridge. Among the various

instruments used in difficult navigation such as

bad weather, fog, poor visibility, heavy traffic, etc.,

the ship's whistle or horn helps in alerting the

nearby ships. In an emergency, the horn is used to

notify and alert the ship's crew and other ships in

the vicinity.

19. Daylight Signaling Light. They are light signaling

devices used for emergency signaling during the

day (and can also be used at night). Like other

shipboard emergency instruments, the power

source for the lamp is not solely dependent on the

ship's main power supply. The lamp housing

should also be made of weatherproof and

seawater-resistant material.

20. Pilot Card. It is an informative booklet provided to

the ship's pilot. It consists of ship's dimensions,

draft, turning circle, maneuvering, propulsion

equipment and other navigational tools and

instrument list for safe maneuvering.

21. Itinerary. An itinerary must be available on board

in order to refer to previous voyage plans or to

plan a future voyage. Among the various

navigational aids carried on a ship, a voyage plan

is a tool for the deck officer to ensure the safety of

the ship also from an economic and legal point of

view. It is prepared by collecting various

information such as weather, meteorological data,

current and future ship cargo data, other

navigation data, etc.

22. Bow bell. It is used to indicate the ship's presence

in fog or bad weather and to sound the alarm in an

emergency together with the ship's main horn or

whistle.

23. Maneuvering Booklet. This booklet records the

performance of the propulsion system and ship

when maneuvering in various weather conditions

and situations for quick reference. The main

contents of the maneuvering booklet are: Vessels

General Description Deep Water Maneuvering

Characteristics Stop and Speed Control Deep

Water Maneuvering Characteristics Shallow Water

Maneuvering Characteristics Wind Maneuvering

Characteristics Low Speed Maneuvering

Characteristics More Information.

24. Black Spherical Shape. This is a time of day

waveform used to determine ship characteristics

with a different arrangement of spheroidal shapes.

For e.g. a ship at anchor will show a black sphere

at the foremost end of the forecastle, and an

uncommand ship will show two black spheres in a

vertical line at its tallest mast.

452

25. Records of navigational activities All navigational

activities performed by the ship's officers and crew

using different navigational devices on the bridge

should be recorded and kept on board for

immediate reference. This is mandatory and the

most important logbook.

26. Records of maintenance of navigational

equipment. The printed copy of the entire ship's

navigational system and equipment list must be

kept on board ships as records for the ready

disposal of port and regulatory authorities and

must be signed by the ship's master and officers on

duty.

27. Wheelhouse poster Present on the navigating

bridge, it shows detailed information about the

ship's maneuvering characteristics, including

turning radius, stopping and maneuvering

characteristics of the ship.

28. Transmitting Heading Devise Transmitting

Heading Devise or THD is an electronic device

used to display the ship's true heading

information. The THDs compliance information is

contained in Chapter V of the SOLAS Convention.

29. Black Diamond. A black diamond is displayed

during the day when the ship is being towed or a

ship cannot maneuver independently.

30. Ship Flags various types of ship flags, with

different colors and characters, are used to indicate

the position of a navigational vessel. Signal flags

are well known, have been used since ancient

times and are still used on all ships.

These are the various bridge equipment and their

uses installed on the ship to assist the deck officer in

navigating the ship safely. If we missed any gear or

you would like to add more to the list, please

comment below. (Karan, 2020, Marine Navigation).

3 THE METHODOLOGY USED TO CREATE THE

QUESTIONNAIRE

The process by which the questionnaire was made by

utilizing the scientific material that was used to

develop the questionnaire. In accordance with the

Saudi plan to safeguard the marine environment, a

questionnaire was created to gather data on the five

most significant marine-related problems (such as

marine biotechnology, fisheries, aquaculture, seafood

safety, coastal communities, ecosystem health, coastal

hazards, and maritime transport).

Furthermore, respondents to the questionnaire

were asked to rank (on a scale of one to five) the

significance of a list of outcomes that describe priority

statistical indicators. Finally, various pertinent

authorities assessed the questionnaire. From a team

list of several issues and statistical factors relating to

the "most essential" issues, the arbitral bodies were

requested to choose the "most significant" concerns

from a broad list of numerous topics and statistical

metrics relating to the maritime environment.

Following this were sustainable and resilient coastal

communities; critical habitat conservation; land and

open space conservation; healthy coastal and marine

ecosystems; and safe seafood production. The effect of

ships and navigational aids on the maritime ecology is

another factor. The arbitration was conducted in

person according to the following procedures and

bodies:

1. King Abdul-Aziz Port, Eastern Province (16)

2. Marine specialists (17)

3. Professionals with maritime expertise (19)

4. Jeddah Islamic Port-King Abdullah Port in the

Western Region (16)

5. Experienced-Representing the National Center of

Meteorology (15)

6. High mariner expert from liner shipping companies

(25)

Figure 1. Sample size and destinations. [1]King Abdul-Aziz

Port, Eastern Province[2] marine specialists[3] professionals

with maritime expertise [4] Jeddah Islamic Port-King

Abdullah Port in the Western Region [5] Experienced-

Representing the National Center of Meteorology[6] high

mariner expert from liner shipping companies

The following tables summarize the statistical

variables of the maritime transport-ecosystem

relationship.

Figure 1. Mean Weighted

The first variable is the distance covered by a ship,

which has a bad influence on marine life since it

pollutes the environment with its fuel emissions,

makes noise with its propellers, and runs into wildlife

or fishing gear. This variable placed fourth overall

with a MW of 3.718. The second variable, multitude of

ships traveling, likewise exhibits a negative

correlation, since it outcomes in significant pollution

from noise and fuel emissions. This variable placed

second overall with a MW of 3.776.

453

Table 1. Description of the independent variables (sea transport)

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Description of the The degree of importance from 1 to 5 Mean S.D Independent

independent variable 1(f) 2(f) 3(f) 4(f) 5(f) Weighted Variable

(Marine transportation) Ranking

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

distance traveled 5 11 8 13 56 3.718 21.12 4

number of ships traveling 9 12 16 22 44 3.776 13.95 2

Transport mode choice 8 15 23 44 13 3.378 14.15 6

Shipping cost 35 34 16 12 6 2.223 13.18 8

Package handling 11 38 22 23 11 2.912 11.11 7

Transportation time 10 16 12 18 47 3.737 15.09 3

Aids and Navigation equipment 4 5 11 19 76 3.912 30.22 1

Safer navigation by mariners 16 22 11 4 50 3.485 17.71 5

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Table 2. Description statistical information of the independent variables (sea transport)

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Description of the Statistical results

independent variable Mean S.E.M. S.D Variance Coef. Var.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

distance traveled 18.6 9.447751055 21.12581359 446.3 1.13579643

number of ships traveling 54.18638293 30.89295616 115.5908576 13361.24636 2.133208591

Transport mode choice 20.6 6.241794614 13.95707706 194.8 0.6775280125

Shipping cost 20.6 6.241794614 13.95707706 194.8 0.6775280125

Package handling 35.73402855 14.12322689 52.84427623 2792.51753 1.478822242

Transportation time 264.9608437 197.6621985 739.5842253 546984.8263 2.79129631

Aids and Navigation equipment 39629.39084 39028.57342 146031.55 2.13252136 3.684930476

safer navigation by mariners 1523324301 1523222255 30.2242 730.8 3.741406737

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Table 4. The ecosystem components most affected by shipping

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

The components of ecosystem The degree of importance from 1 to 5 Mean SD Independent Variable

most affected by shipping 1(f) 2(f) 3(f) 4(f) 5(f) Weighted Ranking

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

air pollution 15 13 8 13 56 3.718 21.12 4

water pollution 9 12 19 22 44 3.776 13.95 2

noise pollution 8 15 23 44 13 3.378 14.15 6

disturb wildlife 38 34 10 12 6 2.223 13.18 8

damage habitats 19 38 21 26 11 2.912 11.11 7

overfishing 10 16 21 12 47 3.737 15.09 3

habitat loss 4 15 11 19 76 3.912 30.22 1

ocean acidification 16 22 14 14 52 3.485 17.71 5

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

From the above table and focusing on Aids and

Navigation equipment:

Table 3. Description the statistical information of Aids and

Navigation equipment

_______________________________________________

Parameter Value

_______________________________________________

Population standard Deviation (σ) 27.0333

Variance (σ2) 730.8

Sample standard deviation (S) 30.2242

Standard deviation confidence interval [18.1083,86.8508]

Sample variance (S2) 913.5

Sample size (n) 5

Mean (x) 23

Median 11

SEM 12.0897

Sum of squares 3654

MAD (Mean) 21.2

MAD (Median) 7

Sum 115

_______________________________________________

Standard deviation (σ): 27.0333

Sample standard deviation (S): 30.2242

( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( )

2 2 2 2 2

4 5 11 19 76 115

4 5 11 19 76

4 23 5 23 11 23 19 23 76 23 3654

3654

2 27.0333

3654

2 30.2242

4 23 5 23

Sum x

Mean

Sums of squares x x

Sums of absolute deviations x x



= = + + + + =

+ + + +

= = =

= − = − + − + − + − + − =

−

= = =

−

= = =

−

= − = − + −



11 23 19 23 76 23 106

106

21.2

27.0333

12.0897

Mean Absolute Deviation MAD

Standard Error of the Mean SEM

+ − + − + − =

−

= = =



The table (1) above shows the statistical

significance of the independent variable (maritime

transport) from the point of view of the study sample,

with the results coming about as follows:

− Aids and Navigation equipment (MW) 3.912

− Number of ships traveling (MW) 3.776

− Transportation time (MW) 3.737

− Distance traveled (MW) 3.718

Figure 2. Description of the independent variable (Marine

transportation)

454

Table 5. Degrees of correlation between navigational devices

and aids and the components of the marine ecosystem

_______________________________________________

Variables The components of ecosystem Pearson

most affected by shipping correlation

1(f) 2(f) 3(f) 4(f) 5(f) coefficient(r)

_______________________________________________

V1 air pollution 15 13 8 13 56 0.9798

V9 distance 5 11 8 13 56

traveled

V2 water 9 12 19 22 44 0.9954

pollution

V10 number of 9 12 16 22 44

ships traveling

V3 noise 8 15 23 44 13 1

pollution

V11 Transport 8 15 23 44 13

mode choice

V4 disturb 38 34 10 12 6 0.9793

wildlife

V12 Shipping 35 34 16 12 6

cost

V5 damage 19 38 21 26 11 0.945

habitats

V13 Package 11 38 22 23 11

handling

V6 overfishing 10 16 21 12 47 0.9365

V14 10 16 12 18 47

Transportation

time

V7 habitat loss 4 15 11 19 76 0.9894

V15 Aids and 4 5 11 19 76

Navigation

equipment

V8 ocean 16 22 14 14 52 0.9743

acidification

V16 safer 16 22 11 4 50

navigation by

mariners

_______________________________________________

The first row of the table provides a description of

the independent variable, which is maritime

transport. The second row provides a description of

the dependent variable, which is the ecosystem. The

last column includes statistics that represent how each

variable is measured in terms of its level of

significance.

Table 6. Results correlation coefficient (r) between the

independent variable (Marine transportation) and the

components of ecosystem most affected by shipping

_______________________________________________

Parameter Value

_______________________________________________

Pearson correlation coefficient (r) 0.9758

P-value 0

Covariance 253.241

Sample size (n) 40

Statistic 27.485

_______________________________________________

4 CONCLUSIONS

The ocean directly affects marine organisms at

multiple trophic levels, affecting fisheries, with

impacts on food production and human society.

Deterioration of the marine environment is a major

concern, both due to changes in the marine systems

themselves caused by maritime trade through

shipping transport, and the potential impact on

populations, as the ecosystem services provided by

marine systems include the effects of increased

atmospheric carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases .

Other influences on the marine environment include

rising ocean temperatures, rising sea levels, changes

in circulation and weather patterns, and changes in

ocean chemistry, which can affect all species and their

habitats (Bend off et al. The multipressure effects of

ocean warming). In addition, acidify the life history of

marine invertebrates.

Through the statistical outcome of the ongoing

study, we find that there is a strong correlation

between the magnitude of the impact of the marine

ecosystem and the optimal utilization of navigational

aids, which are essential to support the flow, of trade

between the different sides of the world, to guarantee

the well-being safety of the human life and to

promote, trade, exchange and growth among the

countries of the world where the opinions of the

arbiters have settled. Regarding a variety of

components of navigation operations and the scope of

their impact on the marine ecosystem, in addition to

the close connection between cargo mobilization

operations and the environmental dimension, there

was also a close correlation between the selection of

mode of transport and the environmental dimension

impacts, in addition to the air pollution measures,

which rise with the sea distance traveled by ships.

During its trading voyages between the ports of the

countries of the world and a close connection between

water pollution and the number of ships sailing in the

different oceans and seas and other close interplay

between components of navigation operations and

their influence on the environmental dimension.

REFERENCES

1. 30 types of navigational equipment and resources used on

board modern ships) (Karan, 2020, Marine Navigation).

2. UN, report, 2003, ENSURING SAFETY OF

NAVIGATION, PROTECTING MARINE ECOSYSTEMS

FOCUS.

3. OCIMF, A Guide to Best Practice for Navigational

Assessments and Audits, (First edition 2018)