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1 INTRODUCTION
Computer diagnostics is a field used to assess the
technical condition of a vehicle. Using dedicated as
well as universal diagnostic testers, it is possible to
view the actual parameters of elements such as
various types of sensors monitoring and supervising
vehicle operation in various operating conditions.
This allows you to collect a huge amount of
information that makes detection possible and
diagnosing potential faults and their elimination.
Computer diagnostics has a wide range of
applications. The paper attempts to use computer
diagnostics to determine the ecological level of the
vehicle. The environmental level consists of many
factors, the main is the emission of toxic fumes
emitted during the operation of the car, as well as
elements affecting their reduction implemented in the
vehicle [4]. Other factors that are important for the
natural environment, and hence the ecological level,
are: the impact of the car use process, the growing
demand for new means of transport and the impact of
alternative drive solutions.
2 EMISSION STANDARDS
Reducing transport emissions is one of the most
important EU policy objectives. Emitted in this sector,
carbon dioxide accounts for over 20% of released
greenhouse gases. The latest data shows that
approximately 71% of the carbon dioxide emissions in
the transport sector come from from road transport.
The reason for such a large share of CO2 emissions is
that road transport is the most frequently used form
of transport. The passenger car industry, on the other
hand, is the source of around 65% of CO2 (fig.1)
emissions in road transport. For comparison,
maritime transport is responsible for about 14% of
pollution, an additional 2% comes from emissions
from inland waterways, air transport is 13%. The
railway transport is responsible for the smallest
Analysis of Electrical Parameters of an Internal
Combustion Engine to Determine the State of Its
Efficiency and Ecological Level
P. Olszowie
c, M. Luft & Z. Łukasik
University of Technology and Humanities in Radom
, Radom, Poland
ABSTRACT: The article presents an analysis of research on a series of passenger vehicles equipped with diesel
and spark-ignition engines of modern generation. These studies show the attempt to determine the consistency
of the measurement results presented by the electrical motor with respect to the external direct measurements
determining the level ecological driving unit such as a gas analyzer. The premise of this material is to assess the
suitability of the read actual parameters sent by the ECU as the data source the level of organic vehicle, for
example. The test for diagnostic station with annual regular reviews. The inspiration for the material was the
attempt to determine the sensitivity of the self-diagnosis system of the propulsion unit, which correctness of the
diagnosis itself is one of the criteria of the positive periodic test guidelines.
http://www.transnav.eu
the
International Journal
on Marine Navigation
and Safe
ty of Sea Transportation
Volume 14
Number 3
September 2020
DOI:
10.12716/1001.14.03.17
650
percentage share, as only 1% of the emission of
pollutants. The first European standard to limit the
emission of harmful components contained in exhaust
gases was the regulation of 1972 bearing the
designation ECE15 / 01 (ECE - European Economic
Commission - ECE). In 1982 ECE Standard 15/04
entered into force. The first of the EURO standards
was created in 1991, in force since 1992 requiring the
use of catalysts in the vehicle outlet system,
introducing unleaded petrol for spark ignition
engines and a carbon dioxide limit below 3g / km. The
ECG normalized and introduced a new European
driving cycle (NEDC), ie a measurement cycle, which
can be used to assess the toxicity of exhaust gases and
fuel consumption, including measurements in urban
traffic and the extra-urban movement. Passenger cars
were tested for the NEDC measurement cycle. The
tests allowed to determine compliance with the
requirements for the Euro 1 standard.
Figure 1. Emission of greenhouse gases within the European
Union, broken down by means of transport [ 3 ]
The latest from Euro 6 standards was introduced
by the Regulation of the European Union Commission
No. 459/2012. It began to be in effect in 2014. Includes
light passenger and utility vehicles. The introduction
of restrictions resulted in a reduction of particulate
matter (PM) by 66%, nitrogen oxides (NOx) by 80%
compared to Euro 5.
Figure 2. Emission norms for gasoline engines [3]
The reduction of particulate matter emissions from
Euro 1 to Euro 6 is about 97%. CO2 (fig.2) emissions
were reduced by more than 6-fold, while in gasoline
engines there was more than 11-fold reduction of
hydrocarbons [8].
Figure 3. Emission standards for diesel engines [3]
3 METHODS FOR DETERMINING THE
ECOLOGICAL LEVEL
There are many ways to determine the ecological
status of the vehicle. One of them is a direct method
mainly involving the examination of smoke and the
composition of the exhaust emissions emitted by the
vehicle under appropriate operating conditions.
Smoke opacity measurement provides information on
the presence of solid particles (soot), efficiency of the
dpf filter, and is carried out using various types of
opacimeters. The measurement of the exhaust gas
composition with analyzers guarantees detailed
information on the components contained in exhaust
gases such as hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, carbon
monoxide or carbon dioxide. We distinguish two
basic types of exhaust gas analyzers: laboratory and
workshop. Both in the laboratory analyzer and in the
workshop analyzer measurements are made for the
content of the same components present in the
exhaust gas. The advantage of the laboratory analyzer
is the additional possibility of measuring other
components with a significant impact on living
organisms and the natural environment. Another way
to determine the ecological state of the vehicle is to
use the indirect method, which is computer
diagnostics. It consists in checking and analysis of real
parameters and waveforms from sensors affecting the
fuel and air mixture dosage, the functioning of
components responsible for the exhaust gas filtration,
and as a result the quality of the exhaust gases
emitted. Computer diagnostics can be divided into a
self-diagnosis performed in a vehicle and for
diagnostics using external tools such as an
appropriate interface to connect with the tested object
and an information platform. Computer diagnostics
in the article was carried out using universal
diagnostic testers such as kts 540 from bosch in
combination with the use of the esi tronic 2.0
platform, delphi, cdif 2 and cdif 3 offering connection
and cooperation with almost all brands and vehicle
models. With their help, it is possible to obtain
information on the technical condition of components
responsible for maintaining the ecological status of
the tested vehicle, such as a particulate filter, catalytic
converter, lambda sensors. They enable reading error
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codes, obtaining detailed information on eg
equipment versions, part numbers, controller data.
4 THE CASE STUDIES
One of the main elements affecting the ecological
condition of a diesel vehicle is the proper operation of
the particulate filter responsible for the exhaust gas
filtration. Using the diagnostic tester, it is possible to
check many filter parameters such as its filling,
consisting of the amount of ash and soot contained,
the time since the last regeneration. In the case of
Volkswagen vehicles, special attention should be paid
to the actual values of the degree of particulate filter
pollution. Using the KTS 540 interface (fig.4), which
was used to diagnose a Volkswagen Jet-ta 2.0 TDI, it
is possible to read these messages.
Figure 4. Measurement of the degree of particulate filter
contamination
In the above case, the obtained filter pollution
degree values are given in grams. It consists of the
amount of soot and ash deposited in the element
responsible for filtering and flue gas flow of the
particulate filter component. These values are
calculated by the motor controller. The desired value
for the degree of contamination is from 0 to 100
grams. This means that the filter is theoretically able
to work up to full filling, but based on service practice
when the component is full 70-80% (fig.5), the vehicle
enters emergency mode, and the filter itself is unable
to work which has an impact on the emission of
poisonous exhaust components into the atmosphere
and is unconditionally replaced with a new
component or regeneration in a specialized service.
Using the diagnostic interface, it is possible to
check the consumption of engine oil in the tested
vehicle.
Figure 5. Oil consumption parameter – universal soft
This parameter is readable only on vehicles with a
particulate filter. In the above example, the oil
consumption is 80%, which means that the current
fluid is heavily used up, as well as the necessary
replacement in the near future. Oil consumption
adversely affects the lubrication of moving engine
parts to remove heat from them.
Another element affecting the quality of exhaust
emissions subject to computer diagnostics is the
oxygen sensor or lambda probe. This the element
exists in both Diesel and I units spark ignition.
Important parameters to pay attention to are the value
of the lambda excess air coefficient. The element exists
in both Diesel and I units spark ignition. Important
parameters to pay attention to are the value of the
lambda excess air coefficient.
Figure 6. Lambda probe work parameter
From the above measurements it is possible to
obtain information on the value of the lambda
coefficient. In the test vehicle of the Audi A5 2.0 TFSI
brand, the lambda probe is a broadband probe, this
coefficient oscillates within 1. The engine controller
converts the current consumption into a lambda
value, trying to achieve a stoichiometric mixture.
Only the combustion of the stoichiometric mixture
guarantees low emission levels of toxic compounds
emitted in the exhaust (fig.6).
Another parameter affecting the ecological level of
the unit is the measurement of fuel injection dose
correction on each cylinder provides information on
the difference in the amount of fuel delivered to
individual cylinders. Depending on the size of the
correction, it is possible to determine the efficiency of
the injectors. The above measurement shows the
difference in the injection dose in milligrams at the
stroke of the engine, and the average value of the
injection dose. The values measured in the tested
vehicle are stable and are within the standards set by
the manufacturer. In the event of damage to the
injector or injectors, it is possible to excessively add
the corrective dose by the engine controller to
damaged injectors and negative corrective (fig.7)
doses to the injectors, which may lead to fuel failure.
Figure 7. Measurement of the injection dose difference to
individual cylinders in the vehicle – soft dedication for VW
group
Partical filter level
Oil comsumption
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The result of this situation will be excessive
emission of toxins contained in the exhaust, increased
smoke, and in extreme cases, the arrival of oil in the
engine compartment which may lead to engine
seizure. The examples presented in this article are the
result of our own tests carried out with various
diagnostic testers on 15 vehicles equipped with
various drive units.
5 CONCLUSIONS
This article is devoted to the use of computer
diagnostics to determine ecological parameters, and
thus the ecological level of the vehicle.
In the case of motor vehicles, the efficiency of the
exhaust system including the components responsible
for filtering the emitted exhaust gases, such as the
diesel particulate filter or three-way catalyst, plays a
significant role. Supervision over the mentioned
elements is carried out by means of various types of
sensors, such as lambda sensors, differential pressure
sensors, and exhaust temperature sensors.
Filtering components along with the course of the
vehicle undergo the process of exploitation, their
effectiveness decreases. It is necessary to control their
consumption process as well as the state in which
they lose their nominal parameters. Computer
diagnostics using the appropriate interface and
information platform allows to determine the
ecological level of the vehicle.
The aim of the work was achieved through the
research presented in the sixth chapter. Diagnostics of
the relevant parameters shown on the example of
vehicles of different makes and models provides
information on the technical condition of the
measuring object. It allows to determine the ecological
level of the tested vehicle.
The current increase in environmental pollution
and increasingly restrictive emission standards have
an impact on the development of motoring. More
weight is attached to the ecological level of motor
vehicles. Computer diagnostics are therefore a great
tool to supervise the responsible elements.This article
is devoted to the use of computer diagnostics to
determine ecological parameters, and thus the
ecological level of the vehicle.
In the case of motor vehicles, the efficiency of the
exhaust system including the components responsible
for filtering the emitted exhaust gases, such as the
diesel particulate filter or three-way catalyst, plays a
significant role. Supervision over the mentioned
elements is carried out by means of various types of
sensors, such as lambda sensors, differential pressure
sensors, and exhaust temperature sensors.
Filtering components along with the course of the
vehicle undergo the process of exploitation, their
effectiveness decreases. It is necessary to control their
consumption process as well as the state in which
they lose their nominal parameters. Computer
diagnostics using the appropriate interface and
information platform allows to determine the
ecological level of the vehicle.
The aim of the work was achieved through the
research presented in the sixth chapter. Diagnostics of
the relevant parameters shown on the example of
vehicles of different makes and models provides
information on the technical condition of the
measuring object. It allows to determine the ecological
level of the tested vehicle.
The current increase in environmental pollution
and increasingly restrictive emission standards have
an impact on the development of motoring. More
weight is attached to the ecological level of motor
vehicles. Computer diagnostics are therefore a great
tool to supervise the responsible elements.
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