%0 Journal Article %A Lager, MÃArten %A Topp, Elin Anna %A Malec, Jacek %T VR Teleoperation to support a GPS-free Positioning System in a Marine Environment %J TransNav, the International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation %V 14 %N 4 %P 789-798 %D 2020 %U ./Article_VR_Teleoperation_to_support_a_GPS-free_Lager,56,1061.html %X Small autonomous surface vehicles (ASV) will need both teleoperation support and redundant positioning technology to comply with expected future regulations. When at sea, they are limited by a satellite communication link with low throughput. We have designed and implemented a graphical user interface (GUI) for teleoperation using a communication link with low throughput, and one positioning system, independent of the Global Positioning System (GPS), supported by the teleoperation tool. We conducted a user study (N=16), using real-world data from a field trial, to validate our approach, and to compare two variants of the graphical user interface (GUI). The users experienced that the tool gives a good overview, and despite the connection with the low throughput, they managed through the GUI to significantly improve the positioning accuracy. %@ 2083-6473 %R 10.12716/1001.14.04.01