@article{Leclerc_2026_2,
	author = {Leclerc, Yoss},
	title = {The Conning of a Ship in a Digitalized Environment: Art or Science?},
	journal = {TransNav, the International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation},
	volume = {20},
	number = {3},
	pages = {547-556},
	year = {2026},
	url = {./Article_The_Conning_of_a_Ship_in_a_Digitalized_Leclerc,79,1683.html},
	abstract = {Maritime pilotage remains a critical safeguard for navigational safety, yet rapid advances in digital navigation technologies, particularly Portable Pilot Units (PPUs) are reshaping how pilots perform the conning of a ship. While PPUs enhance situational awareness and data integration, concerns persist regarding their influence on traditional pilotage skills, human factors, and decision-making in dynamic marine environments. This qualitative study draws on semi-structured interviews with 20 licensed maritime pilots representing 7 countries and a combined total of over 295 years of pilotage experience and over 190 years of PPU use. Participants ranged in age from 43 to 68 years (mean 52.3), with operational experience spanning bulk carriers, container vessels, tankers, cruise ships, and LNG carriers. 55% reported daily PPU use, while 45% used PPUs selectively. Data was analyzed thematically, guided by a framework addressing technology adoption, situational awareness, decision-making processes, workload, and safety culture. Findings reveal a nuanced relationship between PPU use and pilotage performance. 85% of participants identified benefits, such as improved precision in confined waters, enhanced pre-arrival planning, and greater confidence during low-visibility operations. Conversely, 70% expressed concerns over potential over-reliance on digital displays, 80% noted risks to maintaining core shiphandling skills, and only 20% considered current STCW training adequate for safe, efficient performance on increasingly automated bridges. PPUs are best understood as complementary tools rather than replacements for traditional pilotage expertise. Effective integration requires targeted training, regulatory guidance, and a continued emphasis on experiential knowledge. This study highlights the need for balanced adoption strategies that preserve human decision-making while leveraging digital advantages.},
	doi = {10.12716/1001.20.03.03},
	issn = {2083-6473},
	publisher = {Gdynia Maritime University, Faculty of Navigation},
	keywords = {Safety of Navigation, Maritime Education and Training (MET), e-Navigation, Decision Support Systems, Human Factors and Crew Resource Management, STCW Implementation and Maritime Policy, Manoeuvring in Port Area and Pilot Navigation, Electronic Navigational Charts and ECS/ECDIS Systems}
}