@article{Kacprzak_2025,
	author = {Kacprzak, Pawel},
	title = {Stability Analysis of a Bulk Carrier under Damage Scenarios during the Loading of Polymetallic Nodules in the Clarion–Clipperton Zone},
	journal = {TransNav, the International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation},
	volume = {19},
	number = {2},
	pages = {431-438},
	year = {2025},
	url = {./Article_Stability_Analysis_of_a_Bulk_Carrier_Kacprzak,74,1522.html},
	abstract = {A potential consequence of loading polymetallic nodules (PMNs) in a marine environment is liquefaction. During loading operations in the Clarion–Clipperton Zone (CCZ), the ship is exposed to cyclic rolling and pitching, which increases the risk of cargo liquefaction. This phenomenon poses a particular danger when PMNs liquefy under certain conditions. Combined with cargo shifting, liquefaction can significantly compromise the vessel's transverse stability —even when it occurs in a single cargo hold. Due to the limited operational experience in transporting PMNs, this study investigates the key risk factors affecting ship stability. The research discusses the likelihood of liquefaction, the influence of wind lever arms, and critical roll amplitudes under conditions where the weather criterion is not fulfilled. These aspects are analyzed through three representative damage scenarios. The findings indicate that, for the vessel analyzed, flooding in a single compartment does not result in overall stability failure. However, strict monitoring of cargo moisture content in relation to the transportable moisture limit (TML) remains essential to mitigate risks. The study concludes with practical recommendations to assist ship operators in managing these challenges effectively.},
	doi = {10.12716/1001.19.02.12},
	issn = {2083-6473},
	publisher = {Gdynia Maritime University, Faculty of Navigation},
	keywords = {Safety at Sea, Environment Protection, Marine Traffic, Navigational Safety, Safety and Security in Sea Transportation, Meteorological Conditions, Navigation, Autonomous Ships}
}