349
1 INTRODUCTION
E‐learningismainlyakindoflearningandteaching
activitiesthroughtheInternet.Ithasbeenappliedin
basic education, higher education, vocational
education and so on, and it shows good prospects.
Maritime education and training has the
characteristics of internationalization, specialization,
standardization and sustainability. E‐learning also
can be applied to the navigation education and
training,whichhelpstosolvetheproblemofChinese
ma
ritime education. This paper analyzed
preliminarily.
2 E‐LEARNINGOVERVIEW
2.1 TheconceptofE‐learning
TheconceptofE‐learningwasoriginallyproposedat
the 1999 Online Learning Conference in the United
States. Kekang He, who is a famous education
technologytheoryscholarinChina
,summedupitas:
E‐learning refers to a kind of learning and teaching
activities mainly through the Internet. It makes full
useoflearningenvironmentwhichisprovidedbythe
modern information with new communication
mechanism and rich learning resources, E‐learning
implementsanewwayoflearning.
Integratedtheab
ovedefinition,thispaperdefines
the concept of E‐learning as follows: E‐learning is a
new training learning mode, which is completely
different from the traditional training and learning.
TheinformationnetworksuchastheInternetorLAN
network is the import
ant foundation of E‐learning
The Application of E-learning in Maritime Education
and Training in China
X.Chen,X.Bai&Y.Xiao
ShanghaiMaritimeUniversity,Shanghai,China
ABSTRACT:E‐learningbringsthethirdwavetoInternetapplications.E‐learningisanewtrainingmodewith
theopencharacteristics,whichiscompletelydifferentwithtraditionaltraining.E‐learningteachesstudentsthe
specialized knowledge of theories, work experience and technology by information networks and computer
hardwareequipment.Studentscanthroughavarietyoftermi
nalequipmenttolearnanytimeandanywhere,so
astoimprovestudentlearningresults.Maritimeeducationandtrainingmustconformtothetrendoftimesto
explore E‐learning training to improve the training performance. In this paper, based on the theory of E‐
learning,comparingtheadv
antagesanddisadvantagesofE‐learningtraining.Byanalyzingcurrentstatusof
maritimeeducationandtraining,usingE‐learningtoestablishChinaʹsmaritimeeducationandtrainingofthe
lifelong education system, using E‐learning to promote the internationalization of navigation education and
training.
http://www.transnav.eu
the International Journal
on Marine Navigation
and Safety of Sea Transportation
Volume 11
Number 2
June 2017
DOI:10.12716/1001.11.02.19
350
training. Through the information network and
computer hardware equipment, E‐learning teaches
professional knowledge theory, work‐study
experience or technologies and skills to students.
Studentscanstudyanytimeandanywherethrougha
varietyofterminalequipment,therebyenhancingthe
effectiveness of student learning. It also encourages
students make full use
of knowledge and skills in
their work, and ultimately improves the overall
performanceoftheentireorganizationordepartment.
2.2 TheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofE‐learning
Compared with traditional learning methods, E‐
learning using technology advantage, provides
studentswithabundantlearningresources,improves
theflexibilityoflearning,toreduce
thelearningcost,
tomeetdifferentlevels, age,andgeographiclocation
of the studentsʹ individualized learning needs.
Anyoneanywhereatanytimecanstudythroughthe
E‐learning.E‐learningrepresents akindofmoreand
more advanced education mode that has the rich
connotation.
2.2.1 TheadvantagesofE‐learning
AccordingtoIDCstatistics,sincethe21stcentury,
theE‐learningmarketinAmericaannualgrowthrate
is 83%. Growing so fast, because E‐learning as a
trainingmodehasitsuniqueadvantages.
1 Itcanreducethelearningcostofvarioustypesof
trainingorganizationordepartment.Accordingto
statistics, the E‐learning model compared with
traditional classroom model can save nearly 50%
of the cost. In training, 40% of the traditional
training modelexpenses is used to transport and
accommodation, 7% is used to teaching
equipment. E‐learning absolutely can save these
costs. E‐learning can not only greatly
reduce the
cost of classroom infrastructure, but also reduce
travelexpenses,shortenthetrainingtime.Onthe
otherhand,studentscanattendtrainingandstudy
while working through in‐service training. This
willnotaffectthework,butalsosavealotofcost,
andimprovetheefficiency.
2 It
has strong pertinence, and be able to support
personalized learning. E‐learning can provide
more independent learning space for different
learning style students. According to their
working time, study habits, learning needs and
learning capacity, students can independently
adjust learning style, and they can learn the
knowledge and skills over and
over again,
thereby,toimprovetheirefficiencyoflearning.In
addition,theE‐learninglearningsystemcouldbe
combinedwiththecharacteristicsofadulttraining,
emphasizes students donʹt have to learn step by
step. They can flexibly choose between
autonomous learning and collective learning, to
make learning become more
freedom and more
flexible.
3 It can greatly enhance learning effect. E‐learning
training system can not only through a simple
documentinfusetraditionaltheoreticalknowledge
tostudents,butalsocanprovidealotofpictures,
audio and video files to make training courses
becominglively and interesting.Let students feel
fun in learning, for them creates a relatively
relaxedlearningenvironmentandatmosphere,To
someextent,E‐learningtrainingsystemcanreduce
student learning and work pressure, which is
conducivetotheimprovementofstudentlearning
outcomes.
4 It is beneficial to exert the principal role of
students, stimulate the
learning enthusiasm of
students.Friendlylearninginterface,human‐based
service, audio‐visual image, these are features of
E‐learning training system. It can stimulate the
students take the initiative to find problems,
actively explore the ways to solve the problem.
What’s more, its rich content and humanized
design can more effectively
stimulate students’
learning enthusiasm, correct their learning
motivation.
5 E‐learning has the characteristics of resource
sharingandrapidupdating.EnterprisescanuseE‐
learning to develop their own training courses,
and put the enterprise accumulated experience
andknowledgeintheserverthatallthestaffcan
use the network
to learn. At the same time,
enterprises can also introduce the world‐famous
enterprisesandauthorities,suchastheAmerican
managementassociationortheWhartonschoolof
business,todeveloptheclassictrainingcourse,so
that enterprises can learn to the worldʹs leading
enterprisesthemostadvancedconceptsandskills,
easytoupdatethetrainingcontentandresources
toacceleratethepaceoflearningnewknowledge.
Figure1.TheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofE‐learning.
The above characteristics of E‐learning make it
have incomparable advantages over the traditional
learning mode. It breaks the unitary structure based
on teaching materials in traditional teaching, and
eliminates the drawbacks of traditional teaching
content lagging behind social development. It has
351
changed the situation of traditional teaching being
restrictedbytimeandspace,andmadeupforthelack
of passive acceptance and the lack of awareness of
self‐construction. It is these advantages give E‐
learning with infinite vitality that make it become a
kindofnewlearningmodewhich
isworthtobein‐
depthdiscussedandextensivepromoted.
2.2.2 ThedisadvantagesofE‐learning
E‐learning has many advantages, but it is not
perfect. Because of E‐learning excessive dependence
on network or information equipment, it inevitably
hassomedisadvantages.
1 Network,informationequipmentisthesupporter
of
E‐learning. The existence, development and
using of E‐learning relies heavily on the
construction of information infrastructure.
Whether the infrastructure is complete or not
directly determines the development level of E‐
learning, which reflects the dependence of E‐
learning on the vulnerability of information
network technology. If the network paralysis,
servers canʹt response or studentʹs personal
computermalfunction,itwilldirectlybringgreatly
negative influence to the E‐learning. In severe
cases,itwillleadtoE‐learningcannotcontinueto
useordevelop.
2 E‐learning goes against face to face
communicationbetweenteachers andstudents or
students with each other. From the technology
developmentandapplication,E‐learninghasbeen
realized the technical interaction, such as
telephone conference, network video and so on.
However, compared with the traditional face‐to‐
face interaction, E‐learning is still lack of direct
emotional communication, more reflects the
ʺhuman‐computer
interactionʺ. Without the face‐
to‐face communication between tea chers and
studentsorstudentswitheachother,theeffectof
study will be influenced. Related studies have
shownthatwhenstudentsareinateamlearning
environmentandatmosphere,theirlearning effect
will be better, learning efficiency is also higher.
Now,
more and more organizations or
departmentshavebeenawareofthis.Theybegan
to accept blended learning theory, which still
emphasize traditional face‐to‐face training
methodsbesidesusingtheE‐learningfornetwork
trainingandlearning.
3 THESUITABILITYOFE‐LEARNINGIN
MARITIMEEDUCATIONANDTRAINING
3.1 The
characteristicsofmaritimeeducationandtraining
Maritime education and training undertake an
important mission of cultivating navigation
specialized personnel. In the developmental process
of shipping industry, Maritime education and
training plays a fundamental, overall and important
role. Due to the characteristics of shipping industry,
maritime education and training has the
characteristics
of internationalization, specialization
and standardization. Meanwhile, seafarers have the
characteristics of dispersion, big fluidity while it is
difficulttomassedlearning.
The characteristics of the internationalization of
navigation education and training is decided by the
internationalization of navigation and shipping
industry. Seafarers manipulated the ship which is
built according to
the standards set by the
International Maritime Organization (IMO).
AccordingtoIMOnavigationrules,theshipcansail
aroundtheworld.Sailorsfromdifferentcountriescan
applyforajobintheinternationalshippingtalented
personmarket. The same boat crew may have come
from different countries, in addition to language
communication problems, cross‐cultural integration
and communication are put forward new
requirementsfortheinternationalizationofmaritime
educationandtraining.
Maritime education and training also has the
characteristics of specialization and standardization.
Inordertoensureshipnavigationsafetyandefficient
transportation,topreventmarinepollution,maritime
education and training,
strictly regulated by the
STCWconventionandtherulesandregulationofthe
national authorities. STCW convention as well as
demonstration tutorial provide a guarantee for
maritimeeducationandtrainingofspecializationand
standardization.
In addition, the continuous improvement of
shipbuilding and maritime technology as well as
constantrevisionofthe
convention,makecontinuing
education occupies an important position in the
maritime education and training. From the GPS,
GMDSS, ECDIS, AIS and other new technology and
equipment training to update the content of new
convention,amendmentandrules,allseafarersneed
to continue to receive further education and
knowledge update that
be able to have the work of
competency.
3.2 TheE‐learningsuitabilityofmaritimeeducationand
training
Inthefieldofmaritimeeducationandtraining,there
areproblems that shortage of qualifiedteachers and
relatively high cost of training in the world. E‐
learning can hire highly experienced instructors to
provide high‐quality and relatively inexpensive
courses that address both the high level of teacher
shortage and the high tuition fees that students in
school learning and become a win‐win Learning
model.
E‐learning model can provide more convenient
learningconditionstomeettheneedsofthecrewin
different parts of the world free to arrange time to
learn. For the rapid development of technology and
thecontinuousrevisionoftheConvention,E‐learning
can better meet the needs of seafarer knowledge
update.
E‐learning has highly internationalized
characteristic,highereducationandinnovativetalent
trainingadvantage,theapplicabilityof
thevocational
educationandcontinuingeducationandsoon.These
are perfectly compatible with the modern maritime
educationandtrainingneeds.
In addition, a series of demonstration tutorials
developed by IMO provided the conditions for the
standardization of the course. The STCW
352
ConventionʹsManilaamendmentrecognizesdistance
learningandE‐learning,layingthefoundationforthe
applicationanddevelopmentofE‐learning,whichisa
new teaching model for maritime education and
training.
4 THEE‐LEARNINGSTATUSOFMARITIME
EDUCATIONANDTRAINING
Nowadays, more and more schools, classification
societies and
enterprises are participating in the
development and application of maritime education
andtrainingE‐learning.Somemaritimecollegesand
universitieshavelaunchednetworkcourses,suchas:
California Maritime Academy developed the E‐
learningʺmaritime securityʺ and other courses;
SingaporeMaritimeInstituteandTeledataMaritime
Solution cooperation using online teaching
and in‐
school training to provide appropriate E‐learning
courses required by the competency certificate; the
University ofPlymouth in the UK has done a lot of
research in E‐learning, and opened a number of E‐
learning courses. In addition, classification societies
and regional organizations, such as the Baltic
Shipping
Council,LloydʹsRegister,launchedaseries
of e‐learning network training courses. Some
shipping companies, such as OOCL and China
ShippingGroup,providesomecontinuingeducation
E‐ Learning courses. E‐learning courses have also
beenintroducedbyanumberofcommercialmaritime
education and training institutions, which have
played
asignificantrolein the continuingeducation
of seafarers and knowledge renewal. Such as the
Aliquot Training & Consultancy Service, which is
headquartered in the UK, offers several STCW‐
compliant training courses. Seagull AS,
headquarteredinNorway, providestraining courses
andassessmenttoolsforseafarersincompliancewith
the STCW, ISM
and IMO conventions, as well as
traditional classroom courses, onboard courses
emphasizingskillstraining.Itisconvenientstudents
from all over the world to learn remote E‐learning
courses.Manyofthecourseshavebeenrecognizedby
theauthoritiesoftheflagState.
AlthoughsomeofChinaʹsmaritimeeducation
and
training colleges in the campus network have
constructed network teaching platform and
introducedE‐learningcourses,usingtheplatformhas
theMOODLE,SakaiorBlackboard,butoverallatan
initial stage, the current situation is to provide E‐
learning curriculum is limited, and there is no
completecurriculumresourcesfrom
thetesttotestall
thelinks,andsomeonlypages,thereisnosubstance,
theoverall behindabroadintheE‐learningaspectsof
hardwareandsoftwareconstruction.
5 COUNTERMEASURESANDSUGGESTIONS
Asanimportantcomponentoftheshippingindustry,
maritimeeducationandtraininghasacrucialimpact
on
the development of the shipping industry. China
owns the largest number of seafarers around the
world.ButthequalityandcompetitivenessofChinese
seafarersstillneedtoimprove,andthereisacertain
gaptobeapowercountryinseafarers’number.
The current problems in Chinaʹs maritime
education and
training are: some colleges and
traininginstitutionsonlypayattentiontoassessment
examination, The exam‐oriented education is more
and more obvious; professional navigation
construction,teachingreformandinnovationisslow
[6]
;short of professional teachers in quantity and the
level of teaching to be improved
[7]
; the quality of
specialized personnel and international level are not
high, lack of competitiveness in the international
seafarermarket
[8]
.
E‐learning as a new teaching model, embodies a
new educational philosophy. It utilizes the latest
technologies to provide low‐cost and high‐quality
teaching resources, that will be helpful in solve the
problemsfacing inmaritimeeducation and training.
Inordertopromotetheapplicationanddevelopment
of E
‐learning in Chinese maritime education and
training, the author puts forward the following
countermeasuresandsuggestions:
Figure2. The flow chart of the countermeasures and
suggestionsofE‐learning.
5.1 Completetheexistinglegalsystem
March1,2012ThenewlyrevisedPeopleʹsRepublicof
China crew education and training quality
management rules and Peopleʹs Republic of China
seafarer examination assessment and certification of
quality management rules, come into effect, the
implementation of these rules requires maritime
educationand
traininginstitutionsandinstitutionsto
establishQualitystandardsystem,andtakeeffective
process control to ensure the quality of teaching.
April 1, 2014 the newly revised Regulations of the
Peopleʹs Republic of China crew training, come into
353
effect, and the implementation of the rules take a
detailedprovisionon thetypes andprojects of crew
training.
TheManilaAmendmenttotheSTCWConvention
endorsed modern methods of seafarers’ education
and training, including distance learning and E‐
learning.Provisionsofthecompetentauthoritiesmay
according to A-I/6
chapters and the substantive
guidance contained in convention, recognition
seafarerstraining,bymeansofdistancelearningand
E‐learning,seafarersshallconfirmwiththecompetent
authority of the training methods, and verify the
relatedfacilitiesthatthecompanycanprovide.
It is suggested that the relevant Chinese
authorities, in accordance
with the Manila
Amendment to the STCW Convention, clarify that
distancelearningandE‐learninghavebecomeoneof
the methods of maritime education and training by
revising or improving existing Chinese laws and
regulations, and applying E‐learning to create
conditionsinmaritimeeducationandtraining.
5.2 Combiningtheadvantages
oftraditionalteachingand
E‐learningteaching
InaccordancewiththerequirementsofSTCWManila
Amendment, on the training goal, professional and
curriculum construction, combined with the
advantages of traditional teaching and E‐learning
teaching, integrating traditional teaching and E‐
learning on teaching resources, learning mode and
evaluationmode.
5.2.1
ToestablishE‐learningrepositoryofChinaʹs
maritimeeducationandtraining
The establishment of maritime education and
training E‐learning repository can achieve the
integration of teaching resources. The content of
maritime education and training E‐learning
repositoryisrichandvaried,thedatabaseshouldalso
be multipath. Therefore, it
is difficult to make an E‐
learning resource library by just one school, a
teachingdepartmentorafewteachers.
WiththedevelopmentofInternettechnologyand
educational concept, the emergence of large‐scale
onlinepubliccoursesMOOChascausedwidespread
concern in the global education community. On the
basis
of E‐learning, MOOC has more powerful and
multi‐functional support platform, more perfect
educationandeducationaltechnologyconcept.Some
ofChinaʹstopuniversitieshave madeuseofforeign
MOOC platform or independent platform to build
online new education curriculum, and promote the
opening and sharing of quality education resources,
to provide a wider range of education services for
highereducation,andeventhewholesociety.
For the navigation education and training
repository, teachers and students should play the
initiative to take the inter‐school, school‐enterprise
jointconstruction,resourcesharing.Chinaʹsmaritime
education institutions and training institutions can
usethequalityofmaritimeeducationandtrainingE‐
learning resources at home and abroad, to achieve
leapfrog development. To build Chinaʹs maritime
education and training E‐learning repository to
enhance the overall strength of Chinaʹs maritime
educationandtraining,whenconditionsareripe,we
can output Chinaʹs
maritime education and training
E‐learningresourcesabroad.
5.2.2 UsingtheBlendedlearningteachingmode
combiningtraditionalteachingwithE‐learning
Blended learning is combined the advantages of
traditionalteaching and the E‐learning, both to play
theguidingroleofteachers,butalsotofullymobilize
the studentsʹ learning
autonomy and enthusiasm.
Using a variety of teaching methods of Blended
learning,studentscanlearnknowledgeaftertheclass,
and in the class for questions and answers, skills
training, teacher‐student interaction and finish
homework.Theuseoflimitedtimetomeettheneeds
oftheoreticalteachingandpractice.Onthe
onehand,
it can improve studentsʹ self‐learning ability and
comprehensive skills, on the other hand, it greatly
promotesthestudentsʹinnovationability.
5.2.3 ToestablishanevaluationsystemforE‐learning
In view of the characteristics of maritime
education, such as job orientation, international
universality, legal stipulation and professional
standard, maritime education quality and
professionalization should be combined organically.
Education authorities and transport departments in
the joint development of navigation professional
standardsandnorms,shoulddevelopanappropriate
assessment examination mechanism for the
applicationsofE‐learninginmaritimeeducationand
training,makenavigationeducationnotonlyconform
tothe
requirementsoftheManilaAmendmenttothe
STCW Convention from the professional, but also
improve the overall quality of students as
navigationalprofessionals.
5.3 Buildlifelonglearningplatformformaritime
practitioners
Therise ofE‐learning model helps students to learn
any knowledge they want to learn at anytime and
anywhere. It has positive significance for the
establishment of continuing education and lifelong
education system and the construction of learning
society.
Due to the professional needs of seafarers and
shipping industry practitioners, continuous learning
andknowledgerenewalarerequiredthroughouttheir
careers. E‐learning mode is free from time and
geographical
constraints, providing the most
convenient way for the professional needs of
continuing learning and lifelong learning. It is
suggestedtosetupthedistanceeducationsystemof
maritimeeducationandtraining,makefulluseofE‐
learning, improve the E‐learning curriculum
resources and assessment system, and build a
platform
forcontinuinglearningandlifelonglearning
formaritimepractitioners.
354
5.4 UsingE‐learningtopromotetheinternationalization
ofmaritimeeducationandtraining
Internationalization of maritime education and
training includes both the introduction of advanced
international teaching ideas and teaching resources,
including exporting Chinaʹs outstanding educational
resources.Ministryof Transportand the Ministry of
Educationissuedajointstatement
clearlypointedout
thattheysupportmaritimecollegetorecruitoverseas
students to carry out overseas education. It is
recommended that maritime academies establish an
E‐learning platform or cooperate with renowned
international maritime education and training E‐
learning companies to transfer the Chinese nationʹs
excellent culture and Chinaʹ
s high‐quality maritime
education and training E‐learning resources to the
world.
6 CONCLUSION
Asanewlearningmodel,E‐learning hasadvantages
ofrichlearning resources,flexiblelearning time and
independentchoiceoflearningmethodstoprovidea
good learning platform for students. Efficient and
convenient personalized learning model
favored by
the more and more students. The application of E‐
learninginmaritimeeducationandtraining willhelp
tosolvethecurrentdifficultiesinmaritimeeducation
and training, and create conditions for the
improvement of maritime education and training in
China. Chinaʹs maritime education colleges and
training institutions
should seize the opportunity to
actively promote the development of maritime
educationandtraining.
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