401
1 INTRODUCTION
The growing material industry produces waste
material that can pollute the surrounding
environment. The industry sector in Indonesia
producedaround250,000‐260,000tonsofaluminium
in 2017, and it is planned to 400,000 tons in 2024
predicted by Indonesia Asahan Aluminium Ltd.
(INALUM) [1]. This industry frequently
uses
recyclingtechnologytoreducematerialpollutionand
promote environmental friendliness [2]. This
technique predictably reduces material waste more
efficiently by using solid waste materials such as
aluminiumcans,usedpans,etc.
Ithasbeendemonstratedthatrecyclingaluminum
alloys provides significant economic benefits. As a
result,thealuminumindustryas
awholeshouldfind,
develop,andapplyanyandalltechnologiesthatwill
maximize the benefits of recycling [3]. One of the
methods to utilize waste material is the casting
method. The casting process and alloy composition
choice greatly influence the microstructure and
mechanical properties of aluminium alloy [4]. Many
casting methods are used in manufacturing
automotive components, such as the sand moulding
method, metal moulding, high‐pressure die casting,
and lost foam casting method. The evaporative
method is an exact casting method in producing
automotive components made of aluminium alloy.
Thecastingrecyclingmethod issimple,flexible,and
strong[5,
6]. Itcaneven replace primaryaluminium
material, potentially reaching about 95% usage [7].
Casting production is usually a combination of
Comparative Assessment of Magnesium, Copper,
and Zinc Addition to Aluminium Waste Casting
for Improving Ship Material Behaviour
K. Kiryanto, T. Tuswan, S. Samuel, A. Firdhaus, D. Ergana, T. Nadiyas Juneva
&L.VirmanFirdaus
UniversitasDiponegoro,Semarang,Indonesia
ABSTRACT: The aluminium industry for ship materials produces waste material that can pollute the
environment.Toprotecttheenvironmentfrommaterialpollution,thealuminiumwasterecyclingprocesscan
be usedtodevelop shipmaterial. This study aims toanalyzethephysicalandmechanicalcharacteristicsof
aluminiumwith
magnesium,copper,andzincaddition.Several tests, suchaschemicalcomposition,tensile,
andimpacttests,willbeconductedtoascertainthemechanicalpropertiesofaluminiumalloy.Addingalloy
material in the range of 0‐10% resulted in various alloy element compositions. It can be analyzed that the
aluminiumcontents decreased
with theincreaseofalloyelements. Thehighestriseinalloyelements canbe
foundintheadditionofmagnesiumthanincopperandzincaddition.Moreover,themechanicaltestsshowed
thataluminiumcastingwithmagnesium,copper,andzincadditionsinfluencedthemechanicalpropertiesof
thealuminiumalloy.Itcanbe
foundthattensilestrengthandmodulusofelasticityvaluesimprovedwiththe
increaseofalloyaddition. Theadditionofmagnesiumhasbettertensilepropertiesthantheadditionofcopper
andzinc.Incontrast,theimpactresistancedecreasedwiththeadditionofmagnesium,makingthealloymore
brittle.
http://www.transnav.eu
the International Journal
on Marine Navigation
and Safety of Sea Transportation
Volume 18
Number 2
June 2024
DOI:10.12716/1001.18.02.18
402
several metals and has recently had many
applications in modern industry [8]. Shipping,
aircraft, and other industries often use aluminium
alloys because of their excellent characteristics, such
ascorrosionresistance,castability,andmachinability
[9, 10]. The shipping industry uses aluminium
materialforhullgirderfabrication[11].However,the
5000and
6000seriesalloysaretypicallyemployedfor
maritime applications. Aluminum alloys containing
magnesiumasthemainalloyingingredient,the5000
seriesalloysarecorrosion‐resistantaluminumalloys.
Theyʹre employed in shipbuilding, automotive, and
structural components. 6000 series alloys, with
aluminum as the base metal and magnesium and
siliconas
mainalloyingconstituents,balancestrength,
formability,andweldability.Theyʹreusedinframes,
heat sinks, structural components, and architecture.
The 6000 series is strong and formable, whereas the
5000seriesresists corrosion.Thesealloysarereadily
available, weldable, and have strong corrosion
resistance. Examining the structural components
madeofaluminiumthat
havethehigheststrengthfor
marineapplications,thisstudy examinesfactorsthat
influencetheultimatestrengthofaluminiumshiphull
girder elements, including the stress‐strain
relationship,initialdefects,boundaryconditions,and
analyticalscope[12].
Several alloys, including those that incorporate
magnesium,copper,andzincasextramaterialsinthe
casting process to strengthen material strength, are
intriguingalternatives.Magnesiumhasalowdensity,
excellent hardness, and strong corrosion resistance
[13].Copperisrelativelysoftandsimpletofabricate,
hasaslowcorrosionrate,andhasgoodthermaland
electrical conductivity [14]. Additionally, zinc has a
low melting point and can
boost the castability of
aluminium, allowing it to be cast using various
techniques [15]. Additionally, magnesium in alloys
demonstrateshowtheelementcanimpacttensileand
impact strength. The findings demonstrate that
adding more magnesium strengthens the alloyʹs
tensilestrength.Thealloybecomesmoreductileand
durable due to
magnesium [16–18]. However, the
impact strength of the alloy decreases when more
magnesium is added. The alloy becomes fragile and
weakduetomagnesiumaddition[19,20].
Accordingtoadifferentstudy,addingcoppertoa
casting can change its mechanical qualities. It has
been discovered that the alloyʹs tensile
and impact
strengthrisesasthenumberofcopperincreases.The
strain value has a decreasing trend. As a result,
addingcoppermakesthealloyrobustandductile[21–
23].Zinccanchangethemechanicalcharacteristicsof
aluminium alloys. Numerous studies have
demonstratedthatdifferencesintheexpansionofzinc
to
aluminium alloys can strengthen the alloy and
enhancethetensilestrengthduetothecharacteristics
ofthezinc[24,25].
As a result of the discussions above, further
research on recycled aluminium casting for ship
material is required to lessen the harm caused by
aluminium waste. Several mechanical tests, such
as
tensileandimpacttests,willbeconductedtoascertain
the mechanical properties of the addition of
magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn). This
study objective is anticipated to be used as an
alternative material for ship structures. Traditional
casting techniques are used in testing aluminium
alloysbymicro,small,
andmedium‐sizedbusinesses
to help analyze the aluminium alloys that will be
manufactured.
2 MATERIALANDMETHOD
2.1 Materialsselectionandcharacteristic
In this section, the material selection and material
properties of each proposed material will be
discussed. The specimen manufacture process of
aluminium waste casting was conducted at
Mukti
Jaya workshop in Demak, Indonesia. The test
specimens were made from an alloy of aluminium
panwaste,powderedmagnesium,copper,andzincat
specific compositions. The pan waste was collected
from the used goods/waste bins in the Bangetayu
area, Indonesia, as seen in Figure 1a. At the same
time, the
three alloy material powders were
purchasedatJustusKimiaraya,Semarang,Indonesia.
Based on the chemical composition test, the
compositioncontainedinthemagnesiumpowderwas
99.65% Mg and 0.05 Fe, the copper powder content
was 99.5% Cu and 0.05% Pb, and the zinc powder
content was 96% Zn and 0.02%
Pb. Figure 1 shows
waste aluminium pans and three different alloy
additions. The chemical composition of the waste
aluminium obtained from the chemical composition
testpancanbeseeninTable1.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Figure1.a)wastealuminiumpan,b)magnesiumpowder,c)
copperpowder,d)zincpowder.
Table1.Chemicalcompositionofwastepan
________________________________________________
Element Amount(%) Element Amount(%)
________________________________________________
Si 3.1100 V<0.0030
Fe <0.0010 Sr0.0041
Cu0.7761 Zr<0.0020
Mn 0.0452 Cd<0.0050
Mg 0.1674 Co<0.0030
Ni <0.0050 Ag<0.0010
Zn 0.7611 Bi<0.0060
Ti <0.0020 Ca0.0013
Pb <0.0050 Li<0.3000
Sn <0.0050 Al94.9124
________________________________________________
403
2.2 Manufactureoftestspecimen
The tools used in specimen manufacture included
wood mould, silica sand, a burning furnace, digital
scales,castingmixers,clampingtools(pliers),asand
pounder, callipers, a grinding machine, a rubber
pounder, and a thermocouple. The comprehensive
steps of specimen manufacture are described in
Figure
2. The first step involved gathering supplies
fromdiscardedaluminiumpans,magnesium,copper,
andzincpowder.Beforeplacingthepanwasteinthe
furnace,thespecimenmustbecleaned.Thenextstep
was conducted by creating sand moulds that match
thetestspecimenʹsdimensions,eachofwhichshould
take around
10 minutes to complete. The wood
mouldʹs dimensions were 27 x 10 cm in length and
breadth,anditsthicknesswasassumedtobeabout5
cm.Ittookaround30minutestomeltthepanscrap
andthealloyedmetal,measuredinpercentagesinthe
furnace. Before pouring
the melted casting into the
mould,checkthecastingʹstemperatureandswirlthe
liquid to disperse the casting uniformly. To prevent
the initial freezing, the furnace temperature was
raisedto67°C,higherthanthetemperatureatwhich
aluminium melts. Pour the uniformly melted metal
alloy and used aluminium pan into
the prepared
mouldassoonasithasmelted.Allowthecastingsto
coolinthemouldfor30to60minutestopreparethe
mouldsforremoval.Thelaststepwasconductedby
removinganylastbitsofsandthatwerestuckonthe
paper.Thesamplewasready
fortesting.
Figure2.Thestepoftestspecimenmanufacture.
Thestudyusedfivedifferentspecimenvariations
with a different weight percentage of metal alloy
addition.TheMg,Cu,andZnadditionswerevaried
in therange of 0‐10%,asdescribed in Table 2. Each
variation has five specimens for tensile and impact
tests.Forthecompositiontest,onlyone
specimenin
eachvariationwastested.
Table2.Totalofspecimensusedfordifferenttests.
________________________________________________
Testtype Materialvariations
________________________________________________
1 100%Al
2 97.5%Al+2.5%alloyaddition
3 95%Al+5%alloyaddition
4 92.5%Al+7.5%alloyaddition
5 90%Al+10%alloyaddition
________________________________________________
Testtype1 2 3 4 5
________________________________________________
Tensiletest(repetition)5 5 5 5 5
Impacttest(repetition) 5 5 5 5 5
Composition(repetition) 1 1 1 1 1
________________________________________________
2.3 Testingspecimenandprocedure
To explore the mechanical behavior of materials
undervaryingweightcompositionsofalloyadditions,
severalmechanicalexperiments,includingtensileand
Charpy impact tests, were performed. Tensile and
impact testing were performed at the Materials and
Construction Laboratory, Department of Naval
Architecture, Diponegoro University, Indonesia. A
tensile
test was performed to determine the tensile
strength of materials using ASTM B557 [26] for cast
aluminum material. The Nanjing T‐Bota Scietech
Instruments & Equipment Co., Ltd (TBT) WE‐1000B
Universal Testing Machine (UTM) with a maximum
capacity of 1000 kN was employed. The test
specimenʹs bottom side
was fastened on a testing
machine,andtheloadingwasgraduallyincreasedto
a specific load until the test object broke. Tensile
testingwascarriedoutusingatensiletestingmachine
withagrasponthedevicetoclampthespecimenand
acomputerlinkedtothetestequipmenttocollect
test
results. The strain value was then calculated by
measuringthelengthofthebrokensample atgauge
length.Tensiletest results includedspecimentensile
strength, strain, and modulus elasticity. Five
specimensweretested,andtheaveragetensilevalues
weregiven.Figure3depictsthetestingmachineand
thestandard
dimensionsofthetensiletestspecimen.
Figure3. Dimensions of tensile test specimen based on
ASTMD557.
The ultimateandtensilestrengthwere calculated
at each required data point using Eq. 1 and Eq. 2,
respectively.
(1)
(2)
where
is the ultimate tensile strength (MPa),
is the maximum load before failure (N), is
the tensile stress at
data point (MPa), is the
load at
data point (N), and is the average
cross‐sectional area (mm
2
). Tensile strain from the
indicated displacement at each required data point
canbecalculatedusingEq.3.
(3)
where
is the tensile strain at data point, is
the extensometer displacement at
data point
(mm),andL
gistheextensometergaugelength(mm).
404
Modulus of elasticity (MOE) is a property of a
materialthattellshoweasilyitcanstretchanddeform
and is defined as the ratio of tensile stress (
) to
tensilestrain.
Besides the tensile test, the Charpy impact test
aimed to assess the brittle performances of the
aluminium alloy material when subjected to an
impact load. Impact testing aims to determine the
tendency of the toughness properties of ductile
materials. The primary measurement of the impact
testis
theenergyabsorbedinbreakingthespecimen,
andtheresultisexpressedinjoules[27].TheCharpy
impactmachineModelDB‐300A,DongguanHongtuo
InstrumentCo.,Ltd,Dongguan,China,asdepictedin
Figure4a,determinedtheamountofenergyabsorbed
byastandardnotchedspecimenwhenitbrokeunder
an
impact load. The Charpy device is a dynamic
three‐point bending experiment that employs an
experimentalsetupthatincludesthespecimen,anvils
on which the specimen is freely supported, and a
pendulumwithadefinedmasscoupledtoarotating
armpinnedtothemachinebody.Thependulumfalls
in a
circular path, striking the test specimen at the
spanʹs center and delivering kinetic energy. Total
correctionenergy(
)wascalculatedusingEq.4.
(4)
where
is the total correction energy for the
breaking energy of a specimen (J),
is the energy
correctionforwindageofthependulum(J),and
is
the energy correction for windage of the pendulum
plus friction in dial (J). Impact resistance
can be
calculatedusingEq.5.
(5)
where
is the impact resistance of the specimen
(J/m),
is the dial reading breaking energy for a
specimen (J), and
is the width of the specimen or
widthofthenotch(m).
The rectangulartestspecimenused intheimpact
testhaddimensionsof55x10x10mmandanotch
angle of 45°/‐45°, as showninFigure 4b. The ASTM
E23[28]impact testwascarried
outattheMaterials
and Construction Laboratory, Department of Naval
Architecture, Diponegoro University, Indonesia. The
impact energy was 150 J with a small hammer, the
impact speed was 5.2 m/s, and the pendulum angle
was150°.Anaverageoffivetestspecimenswasused
tocalculatetheimpactstrengthforeach
variation.
Figure4. Impact test instrument a) testing machine, b)
specimendimension
Besides the mechanical test, a chemical
compositiontestwasconductedattheLaboratoryof
Manufacture,PolytechnicState ofSemarang,usinga
universal chemical composition spectrum test
(spectrometer) of the Bruker Q2 ION type produced
byBrukerCorporation,asseeninFigure5a.Because
thealloycontainsspecificcomponentsthatdetermine
its
qualities,thetestseekstoascertainitscomposition
[29]. Preparing composition test specimens were
under ASTM E1251‐17a [30]. Use a grinder to chop
and ground the specimen before running the test.
After being sliced and mashed, the specimens were
laid on a bed and heated with electrodes until they
meltedorcrystallized.Thediameterofthespecimen
is30mmwithathicknessof10mm,asseeninFigure
5b.Whenthetestobjectwasrecrystallized,thedevice
used a light sensor to capture the colour and then
transmittedittoacomputerforanalysis.
Figure5. Chemical composition test a) Bruker Q2 ION
spectrometer,b)compositiontestdimension.
3 RESULTSANDDISCUSSION
3.1 Resultofchemicalcompositiontest
Acompositiontestwas carriedout todeterminethe
element compositions contained in the alloy to
determinethemechanicalpropertiesofthealloy.Each
testwascodedtoshowfivespecimenvariationsof0‐
10%alloyelementaddition.Asareference
specimen,
SpecimenAcomprised100% waste aluminiumpans
withoutaddingalloymaterial.SpecimenBcomprised
97.5%wastealuminiumpansand2.5%alloyelements,
SpecimenCconsistedof95%wastealuminiumpans
and 5% alloy elements, and Specimen D comprised
92.5%wastealuminiumpansand7.5%alloyelements.
Specimen E contained
90% waste aluminium pans
with 10% alloy elements. Specimen of chemical
compositiontestwithdifferentalloyelementaddition
isdepictedinFigure6.
Figure6. Specimen of chemical composition test with
differentalloyelementaddition.
405
The chemical composition due to the addition of
Mg,Cu,andZnelementsintowastealuminiumalloys
was evaluated. Table 3 and Figure 7 show the
percentage of the alloy content measured by the
universalchemicalcompositionspectrumtestunder5
testingspecimens.Itcanbefoundfromthe
resultthat
specimenAasabasematerial,contained0.167%Mg,
0.776% Cu, and 0.761% Zn. The magnesium
componentinthespecimenwashigherthanzincand
copper.Theadditionofalloymaterialintherangeof
0‐10%resultedindifferentalloyelementcontents.The
highest alloy additions can be
found in Specimen E
due to adding 10% alloy element, which contained
2.039%Mg,2.174%Cu,and0.921%Zn.Asshown,the
highest percentage increase can be found in the
additionofmagnesium. To a certainextent, changes
in chemical composition that occur in an alloy can
changethedesired
mechanicalproperties.
Table3.Percentageofalloyelementcontentinspecimens.
________________________________________________
Compound Specimenvariation
element A(%) B(%) C(%) D(%) E(%)
________________________________________________
Mg 0.167 0.694 0.845 1.064 2.039
Cu0.776 0.832 1.352 1.985 2.174
Zn 0.761 0.802 0.881 0.893 0.921
________________________________________________
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
ABCDE
Percentage (%)
Specimen variations
Composition of Magnesium Alloy
Composition of Copper Alloy
Composition of Zinc Alloy
Figure7. Content percentage of different alloy elements
additionatfivespecimenvariations.
92
92.5
93
93.5
94
94.5
95
95.5
ABCDE
Percentage (%)
Specimen variations
Composition of Aluminium in
Al + Mg
Composition of Aluminium in
Al + Cu
Composition of Aluminium in
Al + Zn
Figure8. Percentage of aluminium content in different
specimencompositions.
Table 4 shows the percentage of aluminium
content at five specimen variations. The highest
percentage of aluminium content was found in
specimen A as base material, which was about
94.91%. The result showed that the aluminium
contents in the specimen had different percentages
duetoaddingthesamepercentageofalloy
element.It
can be analyzed that the aluminium contents
decreased with the increase of alloy elements. In
specimenE,itcanbefoundthattheadditionof10%
Mg contained 92.28% Al, 10% Cu contained 93.22%
Al, and 10% Zn contained 94.38 % Al. Moreover,
Figure8showsthehighest
aluminiumdecreaseinthe
specimen with magnesium addition. In contrast, the
specimenwithzincadditionhasthelowestdecreasing
trendcomparedtomagnesiumandcopperadditions.
Table4.Percentageofaluminiumcontentsinfivedifferent
specimencompositions.
________________________________________________
Compound A B C D E
element (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
________________________________________________
Al+Mg 94.91 94.30 94.11 93.93 92.28
Al+Cu 94.91 94.88 94.21 93.46 93.22
Al+Zn 94.91 94.41 94.39 94.38 94.37
________________________________________________
3.2 Resultofuniaxialtensiletest
Tensile strength/ultimate tensile strength is the
highest stress that a composite can sustain before it
breaks when stretched. Tensile strength is typically
determined by running a tensile test and recording
the strain and stress value changes. The ultimate
tensilestrengthisthehighestpointon
thestress‐strain
curve.Thestrengthvalueisdeterminedbythetypeof
material rather than its size. Table 3 shows the
average tensile strength and standard deviation
(STDEV)resultsfromfive specimensunderdifferent
alloy additions. STDEV is a popular measure of
variability because it returns to the original
units of
measureofthedataset.FromtheresultinTable5,it
canbe analyzedtheresultfrom5 specimensineach
variation has a low standard deviation, which
indicatesthatdatapointsareclosetothemean.
Based on Figure 9, the tensile strength increased
with the increase
of alloy additions. The same
phenomena were found in the increase in tensile
strengthexperienced by adding magnesium, copper,
and zinc. It can be seen that specimen E, with the
highestalloyaddition,experiencedthehighesttensile
strength.Comparedtothreedifferentalloyadditions,
the addition of magnesium showed the
most
dominant contribution in increasing tensile strength
compared to zinc and copper additions. The tensile
strength value increased about 16‐33% with the
addition of zinc, with the highest average tensile
strengthvalueof211.61MPaatspecimenEwith90%
Al and 10% Zn variation. Moreover, adding
magnesiumincreasedthe
tensilestressvaluebyabout
25‐31%,withthehighestaveragevalueat90%Al10%
Mg variation of 208.10MPa. The addition of copper
increasedthetensilestressvaluebyabout4‐32%,with
the highest average value at 90% Al and 10% Cu at
209.45MPa.
Table6
andFigure10showsthefracturestrainat
different specimen compositions. It can be analyzed
that the tensile strain values obtained by statistical
analysis of standard deviations did not experience
highvariations.Theadditionofalloymaterialscaused
a decreasing trend in fracture strain value. The
addition of copper had a
lower effect on the
contribution of fracture strain decrease than
magnesium and zinc additions. The addition of
magnesiumexperiencedthehighestdecreasetrendof
the strain value in the range of 46‐82%, with the
loweststrainvaluecanbefoundinspecimenEwith
90%Aland10%Mg
variation.Moreover,theaddition
ofzincdecreasedinthe62‐71%range,withthelowest
averagevalueatspecimenEwith90%Aland10%Zn.
Moreover,addingcopperslightlydecreasedthestrain
byabout10‐43%.
406
Table5.Tensilestrengthvalueatfivedifferentspecimens.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Content A STDEV B STDEV C STDEV D STDEV E STDEV
additions (MPa) (MPa)(MPa)(MPa)(MPa)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Mg 157.9 5.7 197.63 4.8201.10 4.5204.47 4.7208.10 8.2
Cu157.9 4.9 164.62 6.7175.14 8.9189.65 6.9209.45 11.2
Zn 157.99 4.6 183.82 9.2189.29 6.6197.42 8.9211.61 9.2
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Table6.Tensilestrainatdifferentspecimencompositions.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Alloy Strainatdifferentspecimencodes
additions A STDEV B STDEV C STDEV D STDEV E STDEV
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Mg 23.930.00073 12.880.00062 9.20 0.00064 6.73 0.00066 4.29 0.00068
Cu23.930.00073 21.470.00079 19.140.00071 16.570.00072 13.5 0.0001
Zn 23.930.00073 9.06 0.00063 8.75 0.00102 7.19 0.00063 6.88 0.00072
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Table7.Modulusofelasticityindifferentspecimencompositions.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Alloy Modulusofelasticityatdifferentspecimencodes
additions A STDEV B STDEV C STDEV D STDEV E STDEV
(GPa)(GPa)(GPa)(GPa)(GPa)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Mg 6.6 0.7 15.3 0.821.9 1.830.4 1.248.5 3.9
Cu6.6 0.7 7.7 0.39.2 0.411.4 0.515.5 0.4
Zn 6.6 0.7 20.3 1.221.6 2.627.5 2.630.8 3.3
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Table8.Impactresistancevalueindifferentspecimencompositions.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
A(J/mm
2
) STDEV B(J/mm
2
) STDEV C(J/mm
2
) STDEV D(J/mm
2
) STDEV E(J/mm
2
) STDEV
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Mg 0.57 0.04 0.56 0.02 0.48 0.05 0.43 0.03 0.26 0.02
Cu 0.57 0.04 0.60 0.05 0.63 0.02 0.66 0.03 0.71 0.03
Zn 0.57 0.04 0.58 0.02 0.62 0.01 0.64 0.01 0.70 0.03
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
50
100
150
200
250
300
Average tensile strength (MPa)
Specimen variations
Raw Material Magnesium
Copper Zinc
A
B
C
DE
Figure9. Comparison of tensile strength at different
specimencompositions.
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
Average fracture strain
Specimen variations
Raw Material
Magnesium
Copper
Zinc
A
B
C
D
E
Figure10. The result of fracture strain results in different
specimencompositions.
Thetestresults showedthe macro photographof
thesurfacefractureofthespecimenthatcouldbeseen
directly using visual observation in Figure 11. The
middlepartofthelengthofspanofthespecimenwas
the part that received constant stress and receives
loading. The part will experience strain
and
eventually break during the tensile test. Similar
fracture phenomena were seen in all specimen
variations.
Figure11. Tensile test specimen fracture under different
specimencompositions
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Modulus of Elasticity (GPa)
Specimen variations
Raw Material
Magnesium
Copper
Zinc
A
B
C
D
E
Figure12. Elasticity modulus in different specimen
compositions.
Modulus of elasticity was used to measure a
materialʹs resistance to elastic deformation when a
force was applied to the specimen. The modulus of
407
elasticityofaspecimenwasdefinedastheslopeofthe
stress–strain curve in the elastic deformation region.
Table7andFigure12showsthemodulusofelasticity
value obtained by statistical standard deviation
analysisdidnotexperiencehighdeviations.Itcanbe
foundthataddingthealloymaterials
canincreasethe
modulus of elasticity. The higher the additional
percentageofalloymaterial,the higherthemodulus
of elasticity. The result shows that the addition of
magnesium alloy experienced the highest increase
percentagecomparedtocopperandzinc.Incontrast,
theadditionofcopperhasthelowestelasticmodulus
increase.
In further analysis, adding magnesium
increased the value by about 96‐560%, with the
highest value at specimen E (90% Al and 10% Mg)
withavalueof48.5GPa.Moreover,addingzincand
copperincreasedthevaluebyabout207‐369%and16‐
134%.
3.3 ResultofCharpyimpact
test
Inthiscase,theimpactstrengthwasusedtomeasure
the materialʹs capability to withstand a suddenly
applied load and was expressed in terms of energy.
Impacttestingaimedtodeterminethebrittlenatureof
thetestspecimenagainstimpactload.Impacttesting
requires energy to break the specimen
with one hit
using a hammer with a specific weight that is
dropped by releasing it from a certain angle. The
addition of alloy materials strongly influenced the
impact strength value in the developed aluminium
alloy materials. Figure 13 compares the specimen
fracture due to the impact test. From the
result, the
specimendamageshowedabrittlefracturepatternin
themiddleofthespecimen.
Figure13.Specimenfractureduetoimpacttestindifferent
specimencombinations.
BasedonTable8,theimpacttestresultsobtained
by statistical analysis of standard deviations do not
experience high variations. The result in Figure 14
showedthataddingcopperandzinchasincreasedthe
impact resistance, while adding magnesium has a
decreasing trend. The addition of zinc increased the
impact resistance
by about 1‐22%, with the highest
value can be found in specimen E with 90% Al and
10% Zn with a value of 0.7 J/mm
2
. The same
phenomenon was experienced with the addition of
copper with the value increased up to 5‐24%. In
contrast, the addition of magnesium decreased to 1 ‐
54%,withthelowestvalueatspecimenEwith90%Al
and 10% Mg. The impact resistance decreased with
the addition of magnesium,
making the alloy more
brittle[19].The impactresistancevaluedecreasedin
theresults,withthemostsignificantvalueat1%Mg
andthelowestat7%Mg.Asmagnesiumwasadded
to the alloy, the porosity increased. Magnesium
increased the strength and hardness of the alloys,
especiallyinthe
castingmethod.Itisaccompaniedby
a decrease in impact resistance [31]. The previous
study [32] shows that numerous design or casting
geometry parameters can influence mechanical
characteristics. The resulting alloyʹs mechanical
qualities result in improved sand casting strength.
However,thisbehaviourmaychangewithagewhile
increasingyieldstrength
andporosity.
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Average impact resistance (J/mm
2
)
Specimen variations
Raw Material
Magnesium
Copper
Zinc
A
B
C
D
E
Figure14.Resultofimpactresistanceindifferentspecimen
combinations.
4 CONCLUSION
Several chemical composition and mechanical tests
havebeenconductedtoinvestigatetheeffectofalloy
additionsuchasmagnesium,copper,andzinconthe
mechanical behaviour of the aluminium alloy. The
casting method developed a total of five specimens
with0‐10%alloyaddition.
Accordingtothefindings,adding
alloymaterialin
therangeof0‐10%resultedindifferentalloyelement
contents.Thehighestalloyadditionscanbefoundin
SpecimenEduetoadding10%alloyelement,which
contained2.039%Mg,2.174%Cu,and0.921%Zn.As
shown,thehighestpercentageincreasecanbefound
inthe
additionofmagnesium.Moreover,aluminium
casting with magnesium, copper, and zinc additions
influenced the mechanical properties of the
aluminiumalloy.Tensilestrengthvaluesimprovedby
adding alloy components such as zinc, copper, and
magnesium.Thehigherthealloycontent,thegreater
the materialʹs tensile strength and modulus of
elasticity.It
hasbeendiscoveredthattheadditionof
magnesium improved tensile strength performance
overtheadditionofcopperandzinc.Incontrast,the
resultoftheimpacttestshowedtheadditionofzinc
andcopperincreased theimpactstrength.However,
the addition of magnesium decreased because
magnesiummadethealloybrittle.
Studyingtheeffectsofthesealloyingadditivesto
aluminumwastecastingmaybeusedinshipbuilding
to choose and create aluminum alloys with the
appropriatequalities.Thesealloysimprovecorrosion
resistance, strength, and weldability in ship
components such hulls, superstructures, decks, and
others. The insights may also optimize shipbuilding
materials and
procedures for performance, lifespan,
andcosteffectiveness.
408
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are grateful to Materials and Construction
Laboratory,DepartmentofNavalArchitecture,Diponegoro
University, Indonesia and Laboratory of Manufacture,
PolytechnicStateofSemarang,whichenabledthemtocarry
outtheresearchreportedinthiscurrentwork
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